In order to implement the relevant requirements of the CPC Central Committee on preventing and resolving major risks, according to the "the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) 2019 Annual Supervision Work Plan", this year, a special investigation on the budget management and reform of the basic old-age insurance fund was organized, and the Budget Working Committee of the Standing Committee was responsible for the specific implementation. Since March this year, the special research group composed of the Budget Working Committee has specially listened to the briefings of the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China, Audit Office and other relevant departments in the State Council, and has successively conducted field research in Hubei, Liaoning, Jilin and other places, and held special symposiums to listen to the opinions and suggestions of some experts and scholars and some relevant working institutions of the Standing Committee of the Provincial People’s Congress to analyze and compare the endowment insurance system and reform in typical countries. The relevant situation is now reported as follows.

I. Basic information

The basic old-age insurance covers a wide range of people and has a large scale of fund income and expenditure. It is the most important type of social insurance and the most important part of the social security system. In recent years, governments at all levels and their relevant departments have conscientiously implemented the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, persisted in promoting the construction of a multi-level social security system with full coverage, basic security and sustainability, constantly improved the fund budget preparation, strengthened the fund budget management, and promoted the deepening of the reform of the basic old-age insurance system, which provided strong support for weaving a social security network covering all people and grasping the basic livelihood bottom line.

(A) the basic old-age insurance system

China’s basic old-age insurance consists of urban workers’ basic old-age insurance (enterprise workers’ basic old-age insurance, government institutions’ basic old-age insurance) and urban and rural residents’ basic old-age insurance (see table 1). According to the statistics of Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, by the end of 2018, there were 943 million people participating in the basic old-age insurance nationwide. Among them, 419 million urban workers and 524 million urban and rural residents participated in the insurance.

Table 1  Basic situation of basic old-age insurance system

(two) the operation of the basic old-age insurance fund

In 2018, the total income of the national basic endowment insurance fund was 5,483.6 billion yuan, of which the insurance premium income was 3,969.5 billion yuan, accounting for 72.4%; The fiscal subsidy income was 1,215.3 billion yuan, accounting for 22.2%. The total expenditure of the fund was 4,718.7 billion yuan, of which the basic pension expenditure was 4,571.3 billion yuan, accounting for 96.9%. The balance of the fund’s income and expenditure in that year was 764.9 billion yuan, and the accumulated balance of the fund was 5,784.7 billion yuan (see Table 2 for details).

Table 2  Operation of Three Types of Basic Endowment Insurance Funds in 2018

(3) Central financial subsidies

The central government has given subsidies to the basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees, the basic old-age insurance for urban and rural residents and the basic old-age insurance for government agencies and institutions. In 2018, the total subsidy from the central government was 662.8 billion yuan.

Subsidies for basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees.Since 1999, the central government has given subsidies to enterprises with difficulties in some areas in terms of the fund gap of basic old-age insurance, the implementation of personal accounts and the improvement of pension benefits. Among them, 40% of the funds needed to improve the pension payment standard are subsidized to the central and western regions and old industrial bases, and 100% is subsidized to Xinjiang Corps; For the existing pension expenditure, according to the financial resources, fund gap, support rate and work effect of each region, the subsidy funds are allocated by factor method. In 2018, the central government issued a subsidy of 483.1 billion yuan for basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees.

Subsidies for basic old-age insurance for urban and rural residents.The central government gives full subsidies to the central and western regions according to the basic pension standards set by the central government, and 50% subsidies to the eastern regions. In 2018, the central government issued a subsidy of 141.6 billion yuan for basic old-age insurance for urban and rural residents.

Subsidies for the reform of endowment insurance in institutions and institutions.The central government subsidizes 40% of the funds needed to adjust the pension payment standard in the central and western regions and old industrial bases except Beijing and other seven provinces and cities. In 2018, the central government issued a subsidy of 38.1 billion yuan for the reform of endowment insurance for institutions and institutions.

(four) the basic old-age insurance fund budget management

The budget of social insurance fund is one of the "four accounts" of the government stipulated in the Budget Law. In 2010, the State Council decided to establish a standardized and unified social insurance fund budget system nationwide, and began to compile it on a trial basis that year. In 2014, it was officially included in the draft government budget submitted to the National People’s Congress for examination and approval.

The basic old-age insurance fund budget mainly follows the principles of "establishing according to law, standardizing and unifying, making overall plans, defining responsibilities, earmarking special funds, being relatively independent and organically connected, making ends meet, and leaving a balance". The compilation process adheres to the bottom-up and joint review, which is compiled by the social insurance agencies in the areas where the basic old-age insurance fund is co-ordinated. After being summarized by the human resources and social security departments and audited by the financial department, it is jointly reported to the people’s government at the same level and reported to the people’s congress at the same level for examination and approval. The national basic old-age insurance fund budget is compiled by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, reviewed and summarized by the Ministry of Finance, and submitted to the State Council for examination and approval by the National People’s Congress. Among them, the budget revenue preparation comprehensively considers the implementation of the fund budget in the previous year, the forecast of the economic and social development level in this year, the social insurance work plan and other factors, including the number of participants, the number of payers, the base of payment wages, etc. Expenditure budgeting comprehensively considers the changes in the number of people enjoying pension insurance benefits in the overall planning area this year, the economic and social development, the adjustment of pension insurance policies and the changes in pension insurance treatment standards.

In recent years, governments at all levels and their relevant departments have continuously improved the budget management system, studied and established an incentive and restraint mechanism, standardized the preparation process and improved the preparation method by means of informationization and big data, effectively enhanced the planning and binding nature of the budget, paid close attention to the budget implementation management, standardized the collection of premiums and the payment of insurance benefits, strived to achieve all the insurance coverage, and resolutely paid it in full and on time, and achieved positive results. In some places, by hiring third-party evaluation agencies to improve the index system of fund budgeting, establish and improve the actuarial index system of fund budgeting, and improve the scientific and accurate budgeting.

(V) Progress of relevant reforms

1. Promote the provincial-level co-ordination of endowment insurance for enterprise employees.Up to now, 13 provinces in China have realized the provincial-level unified collection and expenditure of enterprise employee pension insurance funds. Other provinces have formulated implementation plans according to the actual situation and are steadily advancing the implementation in accordance with the task requirements of the State Council to fully realize the provincial-level unified collection and support of funds by the end of 2020. In some places, the establishment of a unified revenue and expenditure system including pension insurance policy, fund budget, fund revenue and expenditure management, responsibility sharing mechanism, information system, handling management and performance appraisal mechanism has been promoted, which has laid an institutional foundation for ensuring the reform of unified revenue and expenditure.

2. Implement the central adjustment system of the basic old-age insurance fund for enterprise employees.The central adjustment system mainly includes: first, the adjustment fund raising system. According to 90% of the average wage of employees in each province and the number of employees who should be insured on the job as the base for calculating the amount of the solution, solution ratio started from 3%, and the funds of the provinces were summarized to form the central adjustment fund. The second is the allocation system of swap funds. The central adjustment fund was fully allocated to local governments in that year, and the amount of funds allocated to the provinces was calculated according to the approved number of retirees in each province and the national per capita allocation. At the same time, the central and western provinces with heavy tasks of poverty alleviation will be exempted from their net contribution responsibility by 2020.

The central adjustment system was implemented on July 1, 2018. In that year, the total size of the central adjustment fund was 242.23 billion yuan, and the actual difference was 61.03 billion yuan. There are 7 provinces, including Guangdong, Beijing, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Fujian and Shandong. 22 central and western regions and old industrial base provinces benefited, including Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Jilin and Hubei. Exempt Guizhou, Yunnan and Tibet from net contribution responsibility. Since the implementation of the central adjustment system, it has played a positive role in alleviating the payment pressure of some local funds and ensuring the timely and full payment of pensions. In 2019, the proportion of central adjustment will increase to 3.5%. It is estimated that the total size of central adjustment funds in the whole year will be 630.3 billion yuan, and the difference will be 151.2 billion yuan.

3. Reduce the burden of social security contributions.From 2015 to 2018, the State Council has reduced the social security rate five times, involving basic old-age insurance, unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance and maternity insurance for enterprise employees. The overall level of the five social security rates for employees in China has been reduced from 41% to 36.95%, of which the unit contribution rate has been reduced from 30% to 26.45%. By April 30 this year, when the phased rate reduction policy expires, the burden on enterprises will be reduced by nearly 500 billion yuan.

This year, the State Council decided that from May 1st, the unit contribution rate of basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees can be reduced from 20% to 16%, and the policy of reducing unemployment and work-related injury insurance rates by stages will be extended to the end of April 2020. At the same time, it is approved to lower the base of social security contributions, from the past based on the average salary of employees in non-private units in cities and towns to the average salary of full-caliber employees weighted by non-private units and private units in cities and towns. According to the calculation of the relevant departments in the State Council, after the implementation of the new fee reduction measures, it is estimated that the social security payment burden of enterprises will be reduced by more than 400 billion yuan in 2019.

4. Transfer some state-owned capital to enrich the social security fund.Transferring some state-owned capital to enrich the social security fund is an important measure to enhance the sustainability of the basic old-age insurance system. By the end of 2018, the pilot reform of five central enterprises and central financial institutions, including Zhejiang and Yunnan provinces and China Unicom and China Reinsurance, had been basically completed. In December 2018, the second batch of transfer work at the central level was started. The transfer enterprises included 15 central management enterprises such as China Huaneng and 4 central financial institutions such as PICC China. In July 2019, the State Council decided to fully push forward the central and local governments to transfer some state-owned capital to enrich the social security fund. At the central level, qualified enterprises will be basically completed by the end of 2019, enterprises with real difficulties can be completed by the end of 2020, and enterprises run by central administrative institutions will be transferred after the centralized and unified regulatory reform is completed; At the local level, the transfer will be basically completed by the end of 2020. Up to now, the central level has completed the transfer of 67 central enterprises and central financial institutions in three batches, with a total transfer of state-owned capital of about 860.1 billion yuan. The mechanism of state-owned capital to make up for social security fund has been initially established, which has promoted the diversified reform of state-owned equity.

5. Reform of social security collection system.The Plan for Deepening the Reform of Party and State Institutions in 2018 clearly stipulates that since January 1, 2019, all social insurance premiums will be uniformly collected by the tax authorities. The State Council attaches great importance to improving the reform of the social security fee collection system. According to some new situations and problems in the process of reform, it has made new adjustments and arrangements for the transfer of social security fee collection and management responsibilities of enterprises in a timely manner, requiring that in principle, the current collection system should be continued temporarily, and "a mature province should be handed over to a province". Up to now, among the 37 regions (provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and cities with separate plans), 21 regions were originally collected by the tax authorities, and the tax authorities collected all social security fees; In 16 areas where the social security department originally collected the social security fees of enterprises, the social security fee collection and management responsibilities of enterprises have not been transferred yet, and they will continue to be collected by the social security department, and the social security fee collection and management responsibilities of institutions and urban and rural residents will be transferred to the tax department; The tax authorities in 22 regions are also responsible for collecting occupational annuities.

Second, the main problems and shortcomings

Over the years, China has made great achievements in promoting the construction of a comprehensive, basic and sustainable multi-level social security system, and basically established a social security network covering all people. Judging from the overall situation of the basic old-age insurance in China, the system has been continuously improved, the level of protection has been continuously improved, the fund operation has been generally stable, and the current income and expenditure are still in balance. However, the survey also found that the gap between the fund’s current income and expenditure showed an expanding trend, and the accumulated balance of individual provinces "bottomed out", which further increased the potential risk of the fund; Fund budget management is generally extensive, and some institutional issues are not paid enough attention, and the scientific, refined and modern level of budget management is low; The design of endowment insurance system is not perfect enough to meet the needs of reform and development, which seriously affects the sustainability and credibility of the system. These problems must be solved quickly.

(A) The contradiction between revenue and expenditure has become increasingly prominent, and related risks have begun to emerge.

First, the growth of insurance premium income is relatively weak.Comparing the premium income of the basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees in China with the basic pension expenditure, the income and expenditure gap of 31.9 billion yuan first appeared in 2014, and it has expanded to 77.3 billion yuan in 2018. Many places reflect that due to the accelerated process of population aging, the dependency ratiooneThe sustained and rapid decline has caused the growth of fund income to be lower than the growth of expenditure for a long time, resulting in the widening gap between fund income and expenditure. In recent years, the implementation of tax reduction and fee reduction policy has also reduced the current collection income to some extent. The survey found that Northeast China is still facing the reality of a large outflow of population, especially young and middle-aged people, and it is difficult to reverse the situation of decreasing dependency ratio, and it is increasingly difficult to promote the growth of premium income.

Second, there is a great pressure on financial subsidies.Since 2005, the basic pension treatment standard for enterprise employees has been raised for 15 consecutive years, and the financial departments at all levels have borne the corresponding increased expenditures. The basic old-age insurance for urban and rural residents is to provide old-age insurance for urban and rural residents without income sources. The financial system bears the main responsibility, and some local financial subsidies account for more than 70%. The reform of endowment insurance in institutions has also put forward a lot of expenditure requirements for governments at all levels, and there is still a certain income and expenditure gap in some places under investigation.

Third, problems left over from history bear a heavy burden in some areas.There has been no clear and detailed solution to the transition cost of the old-age insurance system. For the "old people" who have no personal account accumulation and the "middle people" who have insufficient personal account accumulation, the pension benefits enjoyed according to the regulations of deemed payment are paid by the funds collected in the current period. After the implementation of the reform of state-owned enterprises and the diversion of laid-off workers, state-owned enterprises went into battle lightly and developed well. However, the remaining problems of "early retirement" employee pension insurance have not been properly solved, which has brought a huge burden to some places. The reform of transferring some state-owned capital to enrich the social security fund is progressing slowly, some departments and enterprises are resistant, and there are not many local state-owned enterprises worth transferring, so the overall reform effect is not great. In some places, it is reflected that the large-scale collective reform of factories and enterprises, de-capacity, etc. have increased the pressure on the fund’s income and expenditure from two aspects: reducing the arrears of enterprises, ensuring development and increasing expenditures, and need the support of the central government.

Fourth, the sustainability of the fund is under great pressure.The relevant departments in the State Council organized and carried out the long-term actuarial analysis of the basic old-age insurance. Although the results of various departments and institutions are different, the general judgment is that for a long time to come, the degree of population aging in China will become increasingly serious, the dependency ratio within the system will continue to decline, and the sustainability of the old-age insurance fund will face severe challenges.

(B) The budget management is relatively extensive, and the system and mechanism need to be improved urgently.

First, the provisions on budgeting responsibilities are not clear enough.The Opinions of the State Council on Implementing the Budget of Social Insurance Fund issued in 2010 stipulates that the main body of compiling the budget of social insurance fund is the human and social departments, and the financial department only undertakes the audit responsibility. The Budget Law revised in 2014 stipulates that the financial departments of governments at all levels are responsible for the specific preparation of budgets. According to the investigation, the provisions of the State Council’s opinion are still implemented, and there are different understandings about the provisions of the budget law, especially about "preparation" and "the subject of social insurance fund budget preparation". In some places, it is pointed out that the division of responsibilities for fund budgeting is not clear enough, the participation of financial departments is insufficient, and the implementation of responsibilities is not enough.

Second, the budget preparation procedure is not reasonable enough.Restricted by the level of fund overall planning, the current budget adopts the procedure of overall planning, bottom-up and layer-by-layer summary. There are too many compiling subjects, different policy understandings and different interests, which makes it difficult to effectively play the role of overall budget arrangement, resulting in the conservative compilation of income budgets in some areas, and the phenomenon that expenditures exceed the budget sometimes occurs. Especially after putting forward the reform direction of national overall planning, some places have the mentality of "receiving less and spending more". The audit department reported that in some co-ordination areas, artificially depressing the budget revenue and inflating the expenditure budget has become the norm, resulting in a serious deviation from the reality of the fund budget and poor effectiveness of budget management.

Third, the foundation of budget management is relatively weak.Due to the low level of overall planning of the basic old-age insurance fund, the basic data such as the number of insured persons, the actual payment base and rate, and the basis of pension calculation and distribution required for budget management are scattered in various overall planning areas. Some central departments and provincial management departments have indicated that they do not fully grasp accurate information, and some local data indicators are not scientifically collected, so the credibility and transparency are not high. Strengthening budget management has become a passive water without a root. On the other hand, social security agencies are in the front line of fund budgeting, but they lack effective access to relevant economic and social data, especially the information available to grass-roots social security agencies is more limited, and the basic quality of budgeting is not high.

Fourth, the refined level of budget management is not enough.Judging from the draft fund budget submitted to the National People’s Congress, it is mainly a few large numbers such as income, expenditure and balance, lacking detailed data by region, industry and population, and the readability and auditability of the budget are not strong. From the perspective of budget preparation, although there are requirements for the reference factors of fund revenue and expenditure preparation, a unified and standardized index system has not yet been established, and different places have different understanding of policies by industry and population, and their calculation methods are also different. From the perspective of budget implementation, many places and even some places where there is a big contradiction between fund revenue and expenditure only emphasize the hard constraint of budget, and have not taken the initiative to establish a regular analysis system for fund budget implementation. The response to changes in industries and people reflected by the implementation situation is relatively lagging behind, and the fund risk early warning mechanism and response plan have not been effectively established.

Fifth, actuarial analysis is seriously lagging behind.There is a big gap between the actuarial work of the basic old-age insurance fund and the actual demand in the aspects of system construction, talent team construction and the application of actuarial results, and a standardized actuarial analysis mechanism combining long, medium and short term has not been established. As an important part of budget management, fund actuarial has not been brought into the budget management category, resulting in poor predictability and scientificity of budget revenue and expenditure preparation, lack of preparation for possible fund risks and even financial risks, and weak ability to effectively deal with population aging.

Sixth, the informatization construction is weak.The preparation, implementation, audit and supervision of the fund budget involve many departments and institutions such as human society, finance, taxation, auditing and social security agencies. At present, a unified, standardized and dynamically shared information database has not been established, and each department and institution relies on the information system of this system for management. Repeated construction and decentralized maintenance consume a lot of manpower and material resources, and information data cannot be effectively shared, which also affects the accuracy of relevant data and information.

(C) The design of the old-age insurance system is not perfect, and the pace of reform needs to be accelerated.

First, the low level of fund overall planning has become the primary problem to be solved urgently.Judging from the basic endowment insurance fund for enterprise employees, most provincial-level places have not yet achieved real provincial-level overall planning, and many places are still municipal-level and county-level overall planning. The low level of overall planning makes it difficult to fully realize the transfer of funds between different overall planning areas, and the law of large numbers of insurance cannot be fully exerted. At the same time, the fund balance is mainly deposited in the labor inflow areas, but the labor outflow areas have to bear the pressure of issuing a large number of old-age benefits for the returning laborers. This extremely uneven distribution of funds not only makes the labor outflow areas such as the central and western regions dissatisfied, but also makes the interest pattern of low-level overall planning gradually solidify. Some places with fund balances regard the balance as local "own" resources and advantages, and there is resistance to national overall planning and entrusting the National Social Security Fund Council to invest and operate. Lack of awareness that basic old-age insurance is a "national system" makes the reform more and more difficult. Some provinces surveyed reflect that they are not optimistic about realizing the provincial-level unified collection and expenditure of funds in 2020.

Second, the irregular implementation of policies such as payment base, rate and pension benefits has brought many disadvantages.Due to the low level of fund co-ordination, the relevant departments give local governments some autonomy in terms of payment base, rates and pension benefits. In actual implementation, the co-ordination places with large contradiction between fund revenue and expenditure tend to be strict base and high rate, while the co-ordination places with more fund balances tend to be wide base and low rate, which is quite different among regions. In terms of rates, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Xiamen, which have more fund balances, stipulate unit payment rates of 14%, 13% and 12% respectively. In terms of payment base, some places allow enterprises to determine the base according to a certain proportion of total wages. In terms of pension benefits, different places have different definitions of the standard of deemed payment, and some people think it is unfair. The disunity of local policies not only causes the inconsistent foundation and unclear base of fund budget preparation, but also brings difficulties to improve the overall planning level; It also causes unfairness at the institutional level, affects the free flow of resources and intensifies regional differences. It is found that many places have introduced preferential policies to reduce and exempt insurance contributions, which, as an important means of attracting investment, have a great impact on normal investment attraction in other places, especially in areas with large contradictions between fund income and expenditure. Some parts of Northeast China reflect that it has faced a vicious circle of "the contradiction between fund income and expenditure is prominent → the approved payment base and rate are strict → it is in a disadvantageous position of attracting investment → enterprises move out because of the high payment of endowment insurance → the economic development is slow and the employment population is small → the contradiction between fund income and expenditure is more prominent".

Third, the incentive and restraint mechanism is not perfect enough.From the basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees, it is generally reflected in all aspects that the nominal rate of 28% (unit 20%+ individual 8%) is obviously high, and it is still higher than the level of some major western developed countries after reducing the rate this year. In order to reduce costs and maintain operations, many enterprises, especially private enterprises, tend to lower or even falsely report the payment base, and some tax collection management departments also "know without asking", so the seriousness and binding force of the system are poor. Some experts pointed out that the fund implements the mechanism of combining social pooling with individual accounts, but all individual contributions are credited to individual accounts, resulting in no contribution to overall adjustment of individual contributions, and individuals lack a sense of responsibility for the basic endowment insurance system. The minimum payment period of 15 years for receiving pension is not only short, but also the system design is not regarded as the minimum period for fulfilling legal obligations. In addition, the cumulative algorithm is adopted for 15 years calculation, and it is not uncommon to interrupt payment. From the perspective of the basic old-age insurance for urban and rural residents, because the overall planning part is almost entirely borne by the finance, the system is welfare-oriented, plus the basic pension level and the average replacement rate2Low (in some places, the average replacement rate is only about 9%), residents’ enthusiasm for participating in insurance is not high, and the participation rate has declined in some places. Even if they are insured, most people tend to choose the lowest payment grade. In the old-age insurance, the basic pension calculation and payment methods linked to benefits, such as overpayment, long-term payment and late retirement, need to be improved.

Fourth, the construction of a multi-level endowment insurance system lags behind.The target design of the multi-level endowment insurance system in China includes three pillars, the first pillar is basic endowment insurance, the second pillar is enterprise annuity and occupational annuity, and the third pillar is personal savings endowment insurance and commercial endowment insurance. At present, there is no clear plan for the overall protection degree of multi-level pension insurance system and the target level of overall pension replacement rate. Among them, there is also a lack of clear quantitative requirements for the status and role of each pillar. In practice, the basic old-age insurance is a monopoly, the whole society’s old-age responsibility, and the high, middle and low levels of old-age demand are all on the basic old-age insurance; The coverage rate of the second pillar is low, and its development is obviously lagging behind. By the end of 2018, there were 110 million market entities in China, and less than 0.1% of enterprises established enterprise annuities, most of which were large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, and less than 10% of employees participated in the basic old-age insurance. The third pillar has just begun to be piloted, and there is still a lack of effective encouragement and support policies. Highly dependent on the basic old-age insurance as the first pillar, resulting in a high payment rate, most enterprises are unable to build supplementary old-age insurance for employees, limiting the development of the second and third pillars, forming a situation of "single tree is difficult to support".

Fifth, the relevant reforms are not in place and affect the improvement of the system.Many localities and experts have reported that the implementation of the reform of the collection system of social insurance funds and the unified collection of social insurance premiums by tax authorities will be conducive to realizing the payment base of enterprises and finding out the base, laying a foundation for further improving the fee-based system. Implementing large-scale tax reduction and fee reduction, reducing the social security payment rate of enterprises and reducing the burden on enterprises are also necessary measures to cope with the downward pressure on the economy. If we strengthen overall coordination and require enterprises to make a real payment base while reducing the rate, the overall effect of the policy "combination boxing" should be more obvious. However, due to the lack of coordination in actual implementation and the strong social reaction, the reform of the collection system has basically stagnated, and the goal of standardizing the fee base and realizing the fee base cannot be achieved.

The reform of delayed retirement age has been put forward for many years, but the implementation plan has been delayed, and there are many social discussions. Not only has the window period of reform been continuously shortened, but it has also affected the due effect of reform; It also leads to unclear social expectations and lack of effective guidance of public opinion. It has been pointed out that the provision of early retirement for special jobs has not been adjusted for a long time, which is not in line with the actual situation, which is not conducive to stabilizing the income of the fund, and even some enterprises have compiled false materials for reducing staff and increasing efficiency and for early retirement of employees. From the international experience, delaying retirement age or receiving pension age has become a unanimous choice for major developed economies represented by OECD countries to effectively deal with population aging, and many countries have also adopted different degrees of restrictions on early retirement.

The reform of entrusted investment is progressing slowly, and the balance of funds used for investment and operation is less. According to the statistics of the National Social Security Fund Council, the total amount of contracts entrusted to it for investment at the end of 2018 was about 858 billion yuan, accounting for 14.8% of the total balance of the national endowment insurance fund at the end of 2018. Most of the fund balances were still in bank deposits, and the overall ability of the fund to maintain and increase value was not strong.

Third, relevant suggestions

The problem of providing for the aged is related to people’s happiness and well-being, social harmony and stability, and long-term stability of the country. In the face of new situations and challenges such as the new normal of economic development and the accelerated aging of the population, we must adhere to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, conscientiously implement the major decision-making arrangements of the party and the state on the reform of the old-age insurance system, maintain and enhance the credibility of the social security system, enhance the people’s sense of identity and confidence, and enhance their overall awareness, crisis awareness and responsibility awareness. With greater determination and courage, we will promote the reform of the old-age insurance system, improve the scientific and fair nature of the system, strengthen the income capacity of the old-age insurance fund, strengthen and standardize the budget management of the old-age insurance fund, effectively prevent and resolve risks, and enhance the sustainability of the fund by developing the economy, expanding the coverage, increasing the rate of maintaining and increasing the value of surplus funds, and standardizing financial subsidies.

(1) Effectively enhance the sense of urgency and responsibility, and accelerate the implementation of various reforms.

We should fully understand the significance of the normal operation of the basic old-age insurance fund for safeguarding people’s interests and social stability, fully understand the grim situation faced by the old-age insurance system and the fund operation, fully understand the time pressure of gradually narrowing the reform window, further enhance the sense of crisis, enhance the sense of urgency in promoting the reform of the old-age insurance system, make up our minds to speed up the reform, seize the day and wait for no time, intensify the implementation of the CPC Central Committee’s decision-making and deployment on the reform of the old-age insurance system, and improve the system and mechanism so as to make relevant reform plans as soon as possible. It is necessary to accurately grasp the downward trend of the dependency ratio brought about by the acceleration of the aging population, effectively resolve the risks caused by the increasing income of the basic old-age insurance fund year by year, actively respond to the problem of the sustainability of the fund that the whole society is highly concerned about, and some people are worried that they may not get a pension in the future when they participate in the basic old-age insurance system, and pay attention to and reverse the tendency of some enterprise employees and residents to stop paying their fees after participating in the insurance, and some young people who have just joined the work are unwilling to pay for the insurance. It is necessary to improve the operating efficiency of the fund by improving the system. We should attach great importance to strengthening the management of income and expenditure of the basic old-age insurance fund, regard ensuring the sustainability of the fund as the top priority and the most important responsibility of governments at all levels, and take the fund budget management and actuarial analysis as the important starting points to effectively improve the scientific, refined and modern level of fund management.

(B) to speed up the improvement of the old-age insurance system, improve the scientific and fair system.

The first is to improve the top-level design of the target framework of the multi-level endowment insurance system.Further clarify the overall replacement rate target of the old-age insurance system and the proportion that each pillar should share, and accelerate the construction of a multi-level old-age insurance system. It is suggested to refer to the International Labour Organization’s Convention on the Minimum Standards of Social Security and international experience, and combine the actual situation of China’s economic and social development and residents’ old-age habits to define the overall replacement rate target, ensure that the basic living standards of workers before and after retirement are roughly the same, and improve the mechanism for dynamically adjusting the replacement rate target according to the level of economic and social development and financial affordability. Optimize development goals and policies, make clear that the basic old-age insurance is fully covered and basic, speed up the improvement of relevant fiscal and tax policies, actively guide and promote the healthy development of the second pillar (enterprise annuity and occupational annuity) and the third pillar (personal savings endowment insurance and commercial endowment insurance), and form a three-pillar structure of old-age insurance. Further consolidate the security responsibilities that units and individuals should bear in the field of old-age care, and form a good situation in which the state, units and residents participate and share reasonably and actively respond to the aging population.

The second is to introduce reform measures such as delaying the age of receiving pensions and raising the minimum payment period as soon as possible.In order to study and reform the conditions for receiving pensions, it is suggested that the pension age should no longer be linked to the retirement age, and a gradual reform plan for delaying the age of receiving pensions should be formulated and implemented as soon as possible, and the "small steps and quick steps" should be delayed in stages to effectively guide the expectations of the masses. Adjust the conditions for receiving full pension benefits accordingly, and reduce those who are not old enough and have insufficient payment years in proportion. It is suggested to study and increase the minimum payment period of receiving pension, and set restrictions on the number and interval of interruption of payment.

The third is to accelerate the national overall planning of basic old-age insurance.The relevant departments of the central government should strengthen the planning and design of the national overall planning system, and properly handle the relationship between promoting the reform of overall planning level, mobilizing local enthusiasm, and consolidating local main responsibility. They can learn from the experience and practices of establishing a gap responsibility sharing mechanism in some places to prevent "eating from the same pot" and "whipping the cattle". It is necessary to seriously study and establish an effective linkage mechanism between the realistic differences in pension treatment levels between regions and the implementation of national pension planning, and formulate a transition plan to protect the reasonable rights and interests of the people. It is necessary to strengthen the guidance for local governments to carry out the reform of provincial-level unified revenue and expenditure, ensure that the reform tasks are put in place before the end of 2020, and avoid doing things in their own way, so as to create favorable conditions for promoting national overall planning. On this basis, study and formulate a timetable and road map to achieve national overall planning.

The fourth is to improve the incentive and restraint mechanism.It is necessary to improve the incentive mechanism of overpayment, overpayment for a long time and overpayment for late retirement, improve the relevant systems such as the mechanism of linking treatment with payment, optimize the identification criteria for special types of work, and improve the early retirement policy. For those who choose to retire early or late, the level of pension benefits can be reduced or improved according to the corresponding number of years; For flexible employees, urban and rural residents insured, etc., study and improve the financial subsidy policy for payment, and guide the reasonable increase of payment level. In accordance with the principle of "low fee rate and wide fee base", we will establish a linkage mechanism to reduce the payment rate and make a real payment base, and steadily promote the reform of the collection system of old-age insurance premiums without basically increasing the burden of payment. It is necessary to further implement the relevant legal requirements, strictly review the fund’s participation in insurance and collect fees, strengthen the awareness of participating in insurance and paying fees according to law by strengthening publicity and guidance, and improve the inspection and punishment mechanism to prevent illegal phenomena such as missing payment, underpayment and non-payment, and improve the participation rate and payment rate.

(3) Standardizing fund revenue and expenditure and improving the ability to cope with payment risks.

First, based on economic development, enhance the fund’s income potential.Development is the key to solve many economic and social problems in China. To solve the contradiction between income and expenditure of the basic old-age insurance fund, we must rely on developing the economy, expanding employment, raising the income level and broadening the fee base of the old-age insurance fund. We must adhere to the new development concept, promote high-quality development, persist in promoting reform and opening up, conscientiously implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, and make overall plans to stabilize growth, promote reform, adjust the structure, benefit people’s livelihood, prevent risks, and ensure stability, promote sustained and healthy economic development, continuously improve people’s income levels, and consolidate the income base of the fund.

The second is to do a good job in expanding the collection and raising the participation rate and payment rate.It is necessary to use modern information technologies such as big data and cloud computing to strengthen the inter-departmental information sharing and coordination linkage mechanism, promote the free connection and transfer of endowment insurance in an orderly manner throughout the country, improve management ability and service level, focus on the participation of employees in non-public economic organizations and flexible employees in cities and towns in endowment insurance, accelerate the adaptation to the new economy and new formats such as webcasting, promote the classification, accurately expand the coverage, and improve the participation rate, so as to ensure that all insurance is guaranteed. It is necessary to actively and steadily carry out historical arrears and payment audits in accordance with the law, improve the financial subsidy policy for insurance payment, and promote the increase of payment rate.

The third is to increase entrusted investment and improve the level of maintaining and increasing the value of surplus funds.It is necessary to further actively and steadily promote the entrusted investment of the surplus funds of the basic old-age insurance fund, strive to increase the proportion of entrusted investment funds under the premise of ensuring the safe payment of pensions, and strive to enhance the ability of the fund to maintain and increase its value. We should adhere to the principle of prudent investment, promote diversification of asset allocation, make good use of financial instruments such as insurance and reinsurance, and strive to achieve a long-term stable and relatively high income level.

The fourth is to standardize the financial subsidy system and give play to the role of financial support.Further clarify the functional orientation of financial subsidies, improve the ways of financial subsidies, establish a scientific mechanism for determining financial subsidies, and effectively play the institutional functions of financial subsidies. We will study and improve the fiscal and taxation policies to support the development of the old-age insurance system, implement tax-free policies for the payment, operation and income of enterprise (occupational) annuities, accelerate the promotion of personal tax deferred old-age insurance, and enhance the attractiveness, stability and sustainability of the old-age insurance system.

The fifth is to reform and standardize the treatment adjustment mechanism and fund expenditure arrangements to improve the matching degree with income.Standardize the adjustment of insurance benefits, combine the target level of replacement rate, and establish a scientific, reasonable and predictable normal insurance benefits adjustment mechanism that is coordinated with economic development indicators and residents’ income growth indicators. In view of the payment difficulties caused by the heavy historical burden in specific areas, we should study and improve the commitment mechanism to realize the shift from "passively filling the gap" to "actively solving the problem". We will further reform the transfer of state-owned capital, improve the operating budget system of state-owned capital, and solve historical problems such as the reform of state-owned enterprises and the reform of large-scale collective factories. Seriously sorting out and studying the stock debt problems caused by the guarantee of pension payment in some places, we should not only face up to the difficulties caused by the defects of the system itself, but also take effective measures to support local governments to solve debt risks in a safe and orderly manner, and also clarify unreasonable violations of laws and regulations in implementation, increase accountability and urge the implementation of rectification.

(four) improve the fund budget system to ensure the sustainability of the fund.

First, improve the legal system related to the pension fund budget.Do a good job in the organic connection between the Budget Law, the State Council’s Opinions on Implementing the Budget of Social Insurance Fund and other relevant laws and regulations, speed up the revision and promulgation of the Regulations on the Implementation of the Budget Law, clarify the rights and obligations of all relevant subjects in the fund budget, and suggest further consolidating the main responsibilities of financial departments at all levels in the preparation, implementation and management of the basic old-age insurance fund budget. Study and formulate a unified national social security fund budget management method, standardize the fund budget preparation, implementation and management, and establish a budget adjustment mechanism that conforms to the characteristics of the social security fund budget.

The second is to establish and improve a budget system that is compatible with national overall planning.It is necessary to speed up the establishment of a unified system for compiling the budget of the basic old-age insurance fund by the central government, give play to the role of overall planning and coordination by the central government, and lay the foundation for realizing the national unified collection and expenditure of the basic old-age insurance fund. Improve the construction of budgeting index system, increase the expected growth rate of full-caliber social average wage, expected rate of return on entrusted investment, life expectancy per capita, population growth rate, aging speed and other expected indicators, carry out scientific and standardized fund revenue and expenditure forecast, and improve the scientificity and accuracy of budgeting. Improve the regular analysis system of fund budget implementation, establish risk early warning mechanism and emergency response mechanism, and enhance the timeliness and effectiveness of fund audit. Establish an administrative supervision system and an audit supervision system for social security funds, strengthen social supervision, intensify the crackdown on corruption, misappropriation and malicious insurance fraud, and ensure the safety of funds.

The third is to establish an analysis system of actuarial balance of funds.It is necessary to strengthen the top-level design, establish a scientific and standardized actuarial balance calculation and analysis system for basic old-age insurance funds, and carry out actuarial analysis regularly. According to the long-term demographic changes and economic and social development trends, based on the important factors such as target replacement rate, payment base, rate, and return on investment, improve the actuarial analysis model. Improve the application mechanism of actuarial analysis results in fund budget preparation and endowment insurance policy formulation, and realize sustainable intergenerational balance by dynamically adjusting the level of payment and payment, improving the government subsidy mechanism, and promoting the reform of endowment insurance system.

The fourth is to strengthen the basic work of budget management and information construction.Improve the basic system of data collection and processing, and establish relevant standardization norms to ensure that the basic data is true, accurate, verifiable and comparable. Integrate the existing information systems of various departments and promote the construction of a unified, standardized and dynamically shared national information database. Strengthen the use of data analysis, with the help of modern information technologies such as big data and cloud computing, support the calculation and analysis of fund actuarial balance, strengthen real-time monitoring and analysis of fund operation, and improve the accuracy and modernization level of fund budget management.

The fifth is to strengthen the review and supervision of the budget of the endowment insurance fund by the National People’s Congress.Standardize and improve the preparation of the basic old-age insurance fund budget, further improve and refine the draft budget of the basic old-age insurance fund, increase the sub-regional budget table, and provide the basis, parameter description and performance objectives of the basic old-age insurance fund budget as annexes to the draft budget to improve the readability and auditability of the budget. Give full play to the audit role, deepen the substantive review of the pension fund budget with the help of modern information means such as budget networking supervision system, improve the ability of the National People’s Congress and provincial people’s congresses to review and supervise the pension fund budget, ensure the sustainability and fairness of the pension fund, and enhance the credibility, attraction and cohesion of the pension insurance system.

1  Dependence ratio = working-age population: non-working-age population.

2  Pension replacement rate refers to the ratio between the level of pension collection and the level of wage income before retirement, which is used to measure the difference of living security level between workers before and after retirement.

                         The National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) social basic endowment insuranceSpecial research group on fund budget management and reform

Schedule 1  

Average contribution rate of compulsory pensions for employees in some OECD countries in 2016

fillPublic pension: a compulsory pension plan initiated and managed by the public sector of the government, and the government bears direct financial responsibility for the public pension plan. Generally speaking, public pension is equivalent to the "first pillar" of old-age insurance.

Private pension: The organizers include private entities such as individual enterprises, enterprise alliances, trade unions and financial intermediaries approved by the government. All kinds of occupational pensions, enterprise annuities and personal pensions belong to the category of private pensions. The government usually does not bear the direct or final financial responsibility for private pensions, but it has the responsibility of supervision. Private pensions are divided into compulsory and voluntary types. Generally speaking, compulsory private pension is equivalent to the "second pillar" of old-age insurance, and voluntary pension is equivalent to the "third pillar".

Source: OECDPensionsOutlook2018

Schedule II

Pension age in some countries in 2016

Source: OECDPensionsataglance2017

Schedule III  

Overall situation of pension replacement rate in OECD member countries in 2016

Source: OECDPensionsOutlook2018

Schedule IV

Base and proportion of endowment insurance payment in some places in China in 2019

Data source: according to the websites of local human and social departments.

Reform measures of endowment insurance system in some countries

I. Germany

In order to effectively cope with the aging population and resolve the crisis of pension payment, the general idea of German pension insurance system reform is to control the contribution and subsidy growth of statutory pension insurance on the one hand and reduce the pension obtained by retirees from the first pillar (statutory pension insurance) on the premise of not reducing the overall pension level of pensioners (maintaining the replacement rate of about 70%); On the other hand, support the development of the second and third pillars of pension insurance through subsidies and tax incentives, balance the impact caused by the reduction of statutory pension, and shift the burden of statutory pension insurance and the bottleneck of global competition to enterprises and private pension insurance that are flexible and can adapt to the challenges of globalization. The main measures include:The first is to promote the "compensation conversion" enterprise pension insurance reform.German enterprise pension insurance is a pension formed by voluntary contract between employees and employers. In the past, enterprise pension insurance was only paid by employers. Since 2002, employees have the right to invest part of their gross wages in enterprise pension insurance by means of "compensation conversion" (but since 2019, employers will pay at least 15% of the amount of "compensation conversion"). This part of the salary is tax-free and exempt from social insurance contributions, up to 4% of the statutory pension premium calculation limit.The second is to promote the establishment of a private pension insurance system, including the Rister pension system and the Rukup pension system.In 2002, Germany formally established the Rist pension system. This is a state-funded and personal savings pension insurance system. All employees in Germany can participate, but it is not compulsory. The premium is tax-free, and the insured can only withdraw and use the accumulated insurance money after 60 years old. If employees pay a certain percentage of pre-tax income or give birth to children, they can get state subsidies. Rist pension is operated and managed by financial institutions certified by the state, and the state uses the financial "bottom" to guarantee the payment of this pension in the retirement stage. The Rukup pension, which was launched in 2005, is a commercial pension insurance plan that can be voluntarily insured by individuals who can enjoy a large amount of tax refund from the government. The products are provided by insurance companies, and the pension should be collected after reaching the age of 62.The third is to actively increase the birth rate.Increase investment in family policy, affirm the contribution of raising children, convert the time women spend raising children into the payment period of old-age insurance according to the average wage in various places, encourage the birth of children and improve the fertility rate through indirect social welfare policies and family policies.The fourth is to extend the retirement age.Extend the retirement age in a continuous and slow way: from 2012 to 2022, postpone retirement for one month every year; From 2023 to 2029, retirement will be delayed for two months every year, and finally the retirement age will be extended from 65 years before the reform to 67 years.

Second, France

With the pension insurance system with high welfare becoming more and more difficult to maintain and the pension deficit increasing sharply, France has taken many measures to adjust the pension insurance system.The first is to indirectly reduce the level of protection.Extend the pension calculation and payment base of the public and private sectors from the 10-year average monthly salary with the highest salary level in the career to the highest 25 years. Decoupling the adjustment of basic pension benefits from wages and linking it to the price index.The second is to extend the retirement age.Extend the retirement age from 60 to 62, and extend the retirement age of receiving full basic pension from 65 to 67. Since 2019, those who meet the statutory retirement age and the minimum payment period for receiving a full supplementary pension will not be able to receive a full supplementary pension unless they work more and pay for one year; If retirement is delayed until the age of 64 and above, you will enjoy rewards.The third is to extend the minimum payment period for receiving full basic pension.From the original 37.5 years to 43 years.The fourth is to pay attention to vulnerable groups.We will provide a minimum living guarantee for the poor elderly who have no right to receive pensions, include maternity leave subsidies for women in the pension calculation and payment base, extend the pension exemption time for the unemployed, and stipulate that workers who have worked too long or engaged in heavy labor can retire early.Fifth, adjust the structure of the endowment insurance system.Establish two kinds of fund accumulation pension insurance, namely "enterprise collective retirement savings plan" and "individual retirement pension savings plan", and encourage enterprises and individuals to participate by reducing and exempting enterprise social security contributions and personal income tax, so as to improve the "three pillars" insurance system.

III. Austria

In order to effectively cope with the aging population, Austria actively promotes the reform of the old-age insurance system. Measures taken include:The first is to raise the retirement age of women.Gradually increase the retirement age of women from 60 to 65, which is consistent with the retirement age of men.The second is to implement incentive and restraint policies.Establish an old-age insurance account system for people born after 1955, and implement the "45/65/80" scheme, that is, those who retire at the age of 65 and pay 45 years’ premium will ensure that their pension will reach 80% of their pre-retirement income. At the same time, early retirement is restricted, and it is allowed to retire up to three years in advance (women are prohibited from retiring early), and the treatment level is reduced by 4.5% for every one year in advance; Delayed retirement is encouraged, and the salary level is increased by 4.2% for every one year of delayed retirement.The third is to unify pension accounts.Since 2014, all different types of personal pensions have been unified into a single account, and the annual report system has been implemented. It is expected that the longer you work, the higher your salary will be by reporting the status of pension accounts and the expected salary level after retirement every year.The fourth is to cancel the disability pension and establish a disability rehabilitation center.This will help more disabled people to return to the job market instead of directly retiring.

IV. Norway

The third round of pension reform in Norway since 2011 focuses on promoting the employment of the elderly and expanding the labor participation of the whole society, which has the following characteristics:The first is to establish a "selective" retirement system.Before the reform, Norway’s legal retirement age was 67, and people who had worked for 40 years could receive a pension. After the reform, employees can voluntarily apply for retirement from the age of 62, but the total present value of pensions is expected to remain unchanged. The earlier they retire voluntarily, the less they will receive annual pensions. At the same time, the New Deal allows employees to continue to work full-time while receiving pensions, which is very flexible and the rights and interests are guaranteed.The second is to establish corresponding supporting institutional arrangements.We will implement the active employment policy for the elderly, set up a special policy center for the elderly, actively promote various activities aimed at encouraging the employment of the elderly, and promote the formation of joint forces among the government, enterprises, trade unions and social organizations. We will improve laws and regulations that encourage the elderly to take active jobs, prohibit employers from dismissing employees under 70 just because they have reached the statutory retirement age, and consider raising the age limit to 75.The third is to improve the fiscal and taxation policies that support the extension.Preferential tax policies such as tax reduction and exemption and deferred taxation are adopted to encourage the elderly to delay retirement, work longer hours and make more contributions. Through the reform of retirement system and structural policy arrangements, a virtuous circle of "delaying retirement-increasing labor supply-improving productivity-expanding tax base-improving the sustainability of pension expenditure" has been formed.

In 2023, when the epidemic haze gradually dispersed, the consumer market ushered in a long-lost fireworks atmosphere, and "recovery and recovery" became the most frequently mentioned keyword in 2023. However, the uncertainty in people’s minds has not been completely eliminated, and the low consumer confidence index and the headwind are the status quo in many consumer fields.

So, what is the development of the e-commerce market in 2023? What growth opportunities are hidden in each category? Where is the future layout direction? We reviewed the performance of e-commerce market and popular categories in 2023, analyzed the development status and potential of various types of e-commerce, looked for high growth points and consumption trends of various sub-categories, and made some discoveries worth mentioning.

Summary of provincial version:

1. Macro-economic review: China’s economy showed a positive recovery trend, and the year-on-year GDP growth rate in the first three quarters exceeded the annual target.Consumption becomes the biggest driving force of economic growthOnline and offline consumption has regained its vitality.

2. Overview of e-commerce platform: the layout and strategy of e-commerce platform have been greatly adjusted, and the homogenization is obvious.Actively broaden business boundaries and find incremental markets.

3. Review of popular categories: categories have different growth points in different price bands.Consumer demand is in dynamic change.. Facial skin care, hair care, health, maternal and child, pet products, small household appliances, household cleaning and other categories all increased positively year-on-year, and the average price rose.Consumers pay more attention to the total value of goods.. The proportion of channel in Tik Tok increased,Consumers are gradually increasing their big spending in Tik Tok.

4. Prospect of consumption trends:Consumers are more self-centered and attach importance to instant experience., not simply pursuing the ultimate low price, but improving the quality of life while maintaining the cost performance, alleviating and curing the current pressure.

Macro-economic Review: Online and offline consumption regains vitality.

China’s economy showed a positive recovery trend in the first three quarters of 2023. Compared with the economic growth target set by the government (5%), the year-on-year growth rate of GDP exceeded expectations. It is worth noting that the contribution rate of final consumption expenditure to economic growth has greatly increased year-on-year, which has become the biggest driving force of economic growth and provided strong support for sustainable development.

According to the social zero data, due to the impact of the epidemic in 2022, non-essential optional consumer goods generally declined, and essential consumer goods such as grain, oil and food grew rapidly, among which drugs had the highest growth rate; In 2023, with the release of demand, all consumer goods above designated size resumed positive growth.

The per capita disposable income of the national residents is also growing steadily, and their consumption power is gradually increasing. In 2023,People’s consumption expenditure shows a positive growth trend in all categories year-on-yearIn particular, the growth rate of developmental enjoyment consumption is very bright.The vitality of the consumer market is gradually being released.. This has brought new opportunities and challenges to various industries, and merchants can more actively meet and meet the diversified needs of consumers.

In the past year, online retailing has played an important role in zero social growth. As of November, the year-on-year growth rate of online retail was higher than the zero growth rate of social services, reaching 7.2%. In particular, online sales of food, clothing and daily necessities grew faster, exceeding the zero growth rate of the society. This shows that the potential of online consumption is increasingly prominent, and online retail is playing an increasingly important role in promoting the development of the overall retail industry.

Review of e-commerce market: the homogeneity of e-commerce platform layout is obvious

China’s retail market plays an important role in the world, not only ranking second in market share, but also showing a strong momentum in compound growth rate, second only to India.

The mainstream e-commerce has developed steadily, and traditional e-commerce platforms such as Tmall and JD.COM have maintained a steady development momentum. Pinduoduo started from the sinking market, and its market value once surpassed Ali, and the low-price strategy runs through.

Interest e-commerce has grown rapidly.As consumers spend more and more time on social media platforms such as Tik Tok, Aauto Quicker, WeChat and Xiaohongshu, major social media platforms have gradually strengthened the construction of e-commerce functions, providing users with personalized recommendation and social sharing shopping experience, leading the new wave of content e-commerce.

Instant retailing is another new growth engine.It combines the advantages of online shopping and offline physical stores, and meets the needs of consumers for convenient and fast shopping by means of rapid delivery and instant delivery. Platforms such as Meituan, Hungry, and JD.COM Home provide efficient instant retail services by establishing a strong logistics network and cooperating with merchants, which are favored by consumers.

Various forms of e-commerce provide consumers with more choices and convenience. The diversified development trend of e-commerce industry will continue to promote market competition, create a new consumption ecology, and further meet the diversified needs of consumers.

Driven by the current consumption boom, e-commerce platforms actively respond to market demand, introduce advanced technologies and innovative business models, adjust strategic layout in time, and continuously improve service quality, resulting in six major trends.

1. Platform height involution:Flat sales promote modernization and daily life. Through various measures such as official direct drop, 10 billion subsidies, support for small and medium-sized sellers, and traffic support, the platform has been involved in all aspects of price, content, service and logistics to improve its competitiveness.

2. Flow decentralization:The influence of super-head anchors has weakened, and e-commerce traffic has entered the era of decentralization. Traffic is distributed to middle waist and long tail anchors. Platform marketing, brand store broadcasting, and the rise of vertical talents.

3. Integrated development of the whole region:The content field and shelf field are integrated and developed. Shelf e-commerce vigorously develops the quantity and quality of short videos, pictures and texts in the ecology, and provides traffic inclination and independent entrance; Content e-commerce began to build shopping malls and optimize search.

4. The ecological break through:Different ecological circles continue to improve the closed-loop full link within their respective systems, and at the same time, they also begin to exchange needed goods. From the giants cutting land for kings, shielding each other from external chains to breaking down barriers to open up the ecology, tearing down walls brings greater opportunities and turning points.

5.AI empowers and improves efficiency:The advent of ChatGPT has accelerated the pace of the layout of AI on various platforms. From the research of large language model to the empowerment and efficiency operation of AIGC, AI has penetrated the industrial chain of e-commerce in all directions.

6. Plus local life:Online traffic growth has peaked, and under the consumer regression line, "eat, drink and be merry" that just needs high frequency has become a battleground for major e-commerce platforms. From the next day to 30 minutes, from group buying live broadcast to take-away live broadcast, the traffic era has ushered in a new way of playing local life.

In the integrated e-commerce platform, Alibaba Group has improved the strategic position of Taobao Tmall through structural split reform, and its strategic upgrade has achieved remarkable results, attaching importance to price power, strengthening content, emphasizing the value of merchants and users, and developing in the direction of AI-driven.

JD.COM is under pressure in the retail business, but its logistics service revenue is growing remarkably year-on-year. JD.COM also takes low price as its core strategy, and attaches importance to the operation of merchants and users.

During their stay in double 11, Taobao Tmall and JD.COM competed for the lowest price mentality, and continued to promote GMV. The scale of users, businesses and orders became new indicators of concern.In order to support businesses, the support and incentives provided by double 11 have been continuously enhanced. However, the popularity of social media in double 11 continues to decline, and consumers are more rational about the promotion activities. The trend of "leveling sales and promoting daily life" is becoming increasingly prominent.

Counting other e-commerce platforms also has a good development in 2023.

In content e-commerce, each major platform expands outward with the advantage of its own platform:

1. Tik Tok e-commerce:E-commerce in the whole region has developed rapidly. In 23 years, we have focused on building shelf e-commerce. The growth rate of GMV in Tik Tok Mall is higher than that of e-commerce as a whole, and it is gradually testing water for self-operation. Price concessions are the main tone and continue to attract consumers to form shopping habits in Tik Tok.

2. Pinduoduo:The scale of revenue continues to expand, and the sales expenditure continues to increase year-on-year, mainly due to the increase in consumer subsidies and the overseas expansion of TEMU; A solid mind of low price is still Pinduoduo’s killer.

3. Aauto Quicker e-commerce:Trust the market, the e-commerce dividend is obvious, pay attention to the healthy growth of merchants and talents, and build a global marketing scene of content+e-commerce.

4. Xiaohongshu E-commerce:Give full play to the advantages of planting grass in the content community, and promote the transaction transformation by taking notes with goods; E-commerce strategy turned to service talents and brands, plus live broadcast scenes, and built buyers’ eco-e-commerce.

5. Video number e-commerce:At present, the scale is small, still in its infancy, and the e-commerce scene is being improved; However, the huge monthly activity of WeChat and the rich content ecology of video numbers are the potential and dividends for developing e-commerce.

In the instant retail platform, major platforms actively provide various shopping modes to attract consumers to try new products:

1. Meituan:Strengthen content, launch short video function, explore diversified live broadcast forms, and build a pan-entertainment ecosystem. Increase the scale of flash purchase, expand the group purchase and distribution business, and optimize the user purchase experience.

2. Hungry:Merging with Gaode, we will open up the delivery route of Tik Tok live broadcast room, expand the contacts of commercial consumers, and continue to invest in instant e-commerce strategy.

3. When JD.COM gets home:Restart the front warehouse business, online convenience stores and community group buying business.

Tik Tok: Covering multiple cities and stores, strengthening the distribution capacity of local life service providers, and launching the Tik Tok supermarket and the independent entrance of Hours.

The live e-commerce platform is growing at a high speed, the integrated e-commerce platform increases the input of content, and the content e-commerce platform is differentiated according to the characteristics of customer groups:

1. Taobao Live:Mainly rely on the live broadcast of talent, rely heavily on the super-head anchor, and support the high-quality content anchor.

2. JD.COM Live:Create a self-operated live broadcast mode, the anchor is JD.COM Caixiao, and the main theme is "No pit fees, no commission for talents, it is cheaper".

3. Tik Tok Live:The live broadcast mode is mature, the segmentation rules are constantly improved, and the market is sunk with low prices.

4. Little Red Book Live:Rely on high-quality content and professional buyers to attract consumers who are willing to pay a premium for high quality.

Review of popular categories: consumers pay more attention to the total value of goods.

Different categories have different growth points in price, and there are contradictions in consumption patterns, but the root cause is the real psychological needs of consumers: consumers are willing to pay for some premium attributes, creating a small fortunate scene, resulting in consumption upgrading; With the upgrading of technology, high-end consumer goods are disenchanted, and consumers are also willing to accept the emergence of substitution, resulting in consumption degradation.

Consumer demand is in a dynamic change, and consumers pay more attention to the total value of goods, and the practical value and emotional value go hand in hand.

Through the rightFacial skin care, hair care, health, mother and baby, pet products, small household appliances, household cleaning, etc.By analyzing the categories, we find that most categories are growing again, the average price is rising, and the channels in Tik Tok are growing rapidly.

Among facial skin care products, the proportion of channels in Tik Tok jumped to the first place, and consumers increased their large consumption in Tik Tok. Travel clothes/experience clothes continue to grow at a high speed, which shows consumers’ prudent consumption attitude and also shows the continuation of short-term travel fever.

In the category of hair care, Tmall and Tik Tok account for a similar proportion of sales, and the average price is mostly declining. The replacement pens/hairline powder, dry cleaning spray/bitter fleabane powder are growing rapidly, and the demand for exquisite life is attracting attention.

Among the health products, the main channels are Tmall and JD.COM, and the average price of most head products has increased. The proportion of equipment products in Tmall and JD.COM is relatively large, and the head products in Tik Tok are all taken orally, so the demand for body building and influenza drugs continues.

Among the maternal and child categories, the main channels are Tmall and JD.COM, and the average price of most head categories has increased. Sub-categories have developed rapidly, and the requirements of functions and scenes are superimposed to create a new track.

Among pet products, Tmall’s sales in JD.COM account for 80%, but the sales in Tik Tok are higher than those in JD.COM. Under the price competition of various platforms, the average price reduction is a general trend. Most categories maintain positive growth, among which the sales scale of cat food is much higher than that of dog food, and the potential of pet medical care is worthy of attention.

In the category of small household appliances, Tmall and JD.COM are the main sales channels. The head categories of all platforms converge, the price power of Tmall and JD.COM has achieved initial results, and the large-scale consumption of Tik Tok has improved. Household environmental cleaning appliances, water purification/drinking water appliances, drinks/desserts appliances have become star categories, and consumers’ demand for subdivided scene appliances is growing.

In the clothing care category, the sales volume of Tmall is similar to that of Tik Tok, but the sales volume of Tik Tok ranks first. Subcategories have developed rapidly, and the demand for sterilization and deodorization has temporarily dropped.

Among the related categories of paper products, Tmall and Tik Tok are the main sales platforms. Wet toilet paper, washcloth and other categories are worthy of attention, and the demand for paper related to kitchen and bathroom is paid attention to.

04 2024 Consumer Trend: Consumers are self-centered and attach importance to instant experience.

Consumers are more self-centered, attach importance to instant experience, pursue cost performance, and at the same time improve the quality of life, alleviate and cure the current pressure.

Give priority to me: self-demand becomes the first driving force of consumption. Pursue consumption with coexistence of quality and cost performance; Adhering to the concept of self-satisfaction, we are moving towards the "dopamine" model, which focuses on satisfying emotional values. Good looks, personality trends and social attributes are the main purchase motives.

Wan Li Road: "Outdoor Plus" continues to heat up. Travel is no longer restricted, the explosive demand has driven the development of outdoor economy, the tourism fever remains high, the outdoor sports market is growing at a high speed, and entertainment outdoor activities such as concerts and music festivals are also welcoming recovery.

People and pets coexist: pets are anthropomorphic and consumption is fully upgraded. The number of pets is growing rapidly, and the consumption behavior around pets’ food, clothing, housing and transportation is gradually "anthropomorphic". The emotional value promotes the consumption will to be refined, customized and intelligent.

Proper health care: health management becomes a common topic. Infectious viruses such as COVID-19, A-stream and Mycoplasma are repeated. From panic medicine hoarding to orderly health management, health care has become the focus of people’s daily attention, and TCM health care continues to be hot.

The national tide is retro: the attention of domestic products returns to C. The once-silent national consumption field ushered in recovery, increased attention, a strong rise in sales performance, a new Chinese style with new elements, and the arrival of old brands in spring.

Interaction between reality and reality: the first year of AI started, and digital technology penetrated into life. The rise of ChatGPT announced that AI ushered in a new yuan and began to enter the homes of ordinary people. AI fitting, intelligent question and answer, digital anchor, virtual idol and AI content generation all ushered in a spurt of growth.

Special feature of 1905 film network "I have a hunch that there will be TV dramas and movies on this theme soon, hoping to ensure quality and quantity, and don’t shoot bad films!"In early September, a netizen was in a popular short play.Escape from the British MuseumThe comment area of the behind-the-scenes interview video predicts this. Soon after, the prophecy came true.

According to the notice issued by the National Film Bureau on September 15th and October 13th, respectively, about the filing and publicity of the national movie scripts (synopsis) in August, two animated films with the same theme, Escape from the British Museum and Escape from the British Museum, passed the filing that month.

In this regard, some netizens said that "if you want to do it, you should do it well, rather than lacking it", and some viewers questioned whether the filming was "with the consent of the original author". After 1905 Film Network communicated with Xia Xiao, one of the main creators of short plays, the other party said that the team had not authorized any company to create film projects at present.

Is the creation of animated film with the same name infringing?

Short plays, big feelings. This is the mainstream impression of netizens on the short play Escape from the British Museum.

The two main creators of the play are very young. Summer sister was born in 1997, and pancake fruit is a "00" generation. In an interview with the People’s Daily, Xia Sister said that the script was completely original, and pancake Guo Zi frankly saw "when a blogger introduced the information of the British Museum" and thought of shooting works with related themes.

About the original idea of the film, one of the most popular sayings at present is that it originated from a brain hole of netizens. At that time, a netizen put forward the idea of making an animated film named Escape from the British Museum with anthropomorphic techniques.

"The two newly-established Escape films are all animated films, and two Escape films appear one after another in a short period of time. Although the possibility of being angry is not ruled out, we must first make it clear that creativity is not protected by copyright law, and’ cultural relics escape’ belongs to the creative level, while the short film Escape is protected by copyright law."

"If the two cartoons did not animate the story of the short film" Escape "without authorization, but told a brand-new story, from this perspective, it did not infringe the copyright of the short film" Escape "and would not be banned from shooting." In an interview with 1905 Film Network, the film producers Sa Zhilei, such as Peach Blossom in the Ten Miles of III and Ziwuyu: Wandering at Night, shared their views. He believes that telling a brand-new story is the fundamental reason for the establishment of two animated films with the same theme.

From the synopsis of Escape from the British Museum and Escape from the British Museum’s story, we can see that both stories revolve around the escape of China cultural relics from the British Museum. The difference is that the latter increases the setting of ten dreams for "people who cultivate the moon".

"The object of copyright protection is a work in the legal sense. The name of a short play is not a work, and the story outline is a concept, which is not enough to be called a work. Therefore, the name and story outline of a short play are not protected by copyright; However, the high attention of popular short plays has potential commercial value and has the attribute of commodities. At this time, if the same or similar names are used to take advantage of the popularity of popular plays, it may constitute unfair competition and violate the Unfair Competition Law. " When interviewed by 1905 Film Network, Wang Yahui, a lawyer from Beijing Lanshang Law Firm, gave his own views.

At the same time, Wang Yahui also shared his views on the difference between reference and plagiarism in the content creation of film and television dramas. He believes that if the film and television dramas are similar only in subject matter and conception, but not in content, and they are all original, it can only be said that the latter draws lessons from the former and does not constitute infringement; If the content is highly similar, it is equivalent to the latter plagiarizing or adapting the former, which may infringe the copyright of the previous work.

At present, Escape from the British Museum has opened an official account on social platforms. On September 15th, the day the film was put on record, its official account also issued a message saying that "we can finally go home fair and square". Up to now, Escape from the British Museum Animation Film Project has not opened any official account of social platform.

According to the industrial and commercial registration information, the reporter called the filing companies of two animated films respectively. Among them, the phone of Manen (Shenzhen) Film Co., Ltd. was not answered, and the staff of Beijing Chaole Unlimited Culture Communication Co., Ltd. said that it was not convenient to disclose the relevant information of the project for the time being.

According to Enterprise Search APP, the major shareholder of Beijing Chaole Unlimited Culture Communication Co., Ltd. is Ying Da, a well-known mainland actor and director. The company is registered for the record, and the Escape from the British Museum market, which is written by Moon Man director Zhang Chiyu, has a relatively high degree of attention.

IP film and television drama creation wins at the starting line

The short play Escape from the British Museum’s coming out of the circle is due to the favorable weather and conditions. In the early stage of the play’s release, it just happened to catch up with the British Museum’s exposure that more than 2,000 pieces of cultural relics were lost. Of the more than 8 million cultural relics in the museum, about 23,000 are from China.

It is not uncommon for this kind of film and television companies to develop film projects with similar themes based on hot events or public IP. Among the works released by the National Film Bureau that passed the national film script (synopsis) filing and project publicity in August, there are other "face-bumping" projects. For example, The Story of a Lonely Studio in Luo Cha, which was registered by Beijing Light Film Industry, and The Mirage of Luo Cha, which was made by Guang Zhouta Xiu Animation, are all based on the public IP Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio.

For this kind of film and television drama adapted from public IP, Wang Yahui said that "public IP is similar to public resources shared by the whole people, which is not within the scope of copyright protection or has exceeded the protection period, so there is no need for authorization. Since it belongs to public resources, everyone has the right to use it, and it does not constitute infringement on each other".

Coco, who has ten years’ experience in publicizing Chinese and foreign cinema films, bluntly said that the film and television dramas adapted from popular IP have certain public cognitive advantages. In addition, there are relatively many promotional materials for these works, and the commercial value of cross-industry cooperation is usually higher than that of non-IP works.

"We can regard IP as a brand image with a certain popularity, and this image is supported by data. For various types of investments, including movies, certain data support is needed, which is the natural advantage of IP. " Sa Zhilei admits that IP with its own attention and traffic will also reduce communication costs when communicating with employers. According to statistics, as of October 17th, the number of the short play Escape from the British Museum and Tik Tok has reached 2.156 billion, and the number of Weibo topics has reached 877 million, with 127 hot searches on the list.

In addition, from the perspective of employers, project risk is an important evaluation factor when they decide whether to invest or not. IP works, on the other hand, have passed certain market verification at some levels (literature, animation, etc.), with higher awareness and a certain number of potential consumers, so the market risk is relatively low.

"From the perspective of spreading China’s traditional culture, it will be a blessing for everyone if we can make the’ cultural relics go home, the dream of rejuvenating the country’ deeply rooted in people’s hearts through film and television works, and let more people feel empathy for the loss and return of national treasures." Sa Zhilei hopes that if possible, the animation "Escape" and the main creator of the short film "Escape" can jointly develop this idea. The creation of this kind of theme film and television drama also has positive social significance.

(Coco is a pseudonym at the request of the interviewer)

Since the reform and opening up, China’s economy has grown rapidly, and people’s living consumption level has greatly improved. With the change of development stage, people’s yearning for a better life is stronger, and the demand for upgrading the stock of consumer goods is constantly improving. Promoting the trade-in of consumer goods and releasing potential consumption is conducive to the formation of a higher level of dynamic balance between demand and supply, and supply creates demand. In March, 2024, the State Council issued the Action Plan for Promoting Large-scale Equipment Renewal and Trade-in of Consumer Goods, proposing the implementation of trade-in of consumer goods.

Consumption of durable goods has shifted from incremental expansion to stock optimization.

What trade-in actions did the consumer goods market experience in the past? What is the development situation and effect?

Chen Lifen (Researcher, Institute of Market Economy, the State Council Development Research Center):The nationwide trade-in policy for consumer goods is not the first time. In order to cope with the international financial crisis in 2008 and expand consumer demand, from 2009 to 2011, China implemented a vigorous trade-in policy for household appliances and automobiles.

In 2009, the Implementation Plan for Promoting the Expansion of Domestic Demand and Encouraging the Trade-in of Automobile and Household Appliances proposed that nine provinces and cities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Guangdong, Fuzhou and Changsha, should be selected to carry out the trade-in of household appliances. Since June 1, 2010, the policy of replacing old household appliances with new ones has been gradually extended to the whole country in combination with the dismantling and handling capacity of old household appliances in various regions. From this round of trade-in policy, it is mainly to stimulate the elimination and renewal potential of durable consumer goods such as household appliances and automobiles through replacement subsidies, further expand domestic demand, especially consumer demand, promote energy conservation and emission reduction, develop circular economy, and stabilize and expand employment. On the one hand, the central finance and the pilot provincial and municipal finance work together to share the subsidy funds. In terms of household appliances, the central finance and provincial finance bear 80% and 20% respectively. For automobiles, subsidies will be given to those who scrap "yellow-label vehicles" in advance and buy new ones. Local authorities can adjust the subsidy standards according to the models, years and urban management of "yellow-label vehicles". On the other hand, establish an effective incentive mechanism to stimulate consumption potential and benefit enterprises and the people. Subsidies will be given to consumers who sell five types of old household appliances, such as televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, computers and air conditioners, and buy new ones. The subsidies for buying old ones will not exceed 10% of the sales price of household appliances, and the transportation expenses will be subsidized for the old ones that are within the scope of recycling subsidies and sent to dismantling and processing enterprises.

The trade-in policy has achieved good results, and the pilot provinces and cities have initially established an integrated network system for home appliance sales, recycling and dismantling, which has obvious economic, social and resource benefits.

The first is to effectively stimulate consumption. In the 21st century, the growth rate of per capita disposable income of residents has been accelerated, the consumption power has been significantly improved, and the consumption demand of durable goods has increased. The trade-in policy has played a good "catalytic" role in stimulating the consumption growth of durable goods. Automobile-related policies continued until the end of 2010, and about 460,000 vehicles were subsidized for car trade-in, which boosted the consumption of new cars by 49.6 billion yuan. The policies related to household appliances continued until the end of 2011, and 92.48 million new household appliances in five categories were sold, which boosted direct consumption by more than 342 billion yuan, effectively releasing the consumption potential of urban residents.

The second is to promote the production and marketing of durable consumer goods and promote industrial development. In terms of home appliances, in 2011, the trade-in sales of home appliances exceeded 110 billion yuan, accounting for about 1/5 of the total sales of home appliances that year. With the policy of home appliances going to the countryside, the number of home appliances in rural areas has greatly increased. In 2012, the number of refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines and color TVs per 100 rural households increased by 41.2, 16.8, 21.3 and 22.5 respectively compared with 2007. In terms of automobiles, since China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, the automobile industry has been steadily opening to the outside world, while private automobile enterprises have accelerated their development. In addition, residents’ income has increased substantially, and private automobile consumption has flourished. At present, some cars have reached the replacement period, there are more products to choose from in the market, and the demand for changing cars among residents has increased. In 2009, China’s automobile production and sales exceeded 10 million vehicles. According to statistics, in 2010, the number of subsidized cars was the highest, accounting for 46.4%.

The third is to promote energy conservation and emission reduction and develop circular economy. With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, it is urgent to change the extensive growth mode. In 2005, "Several Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating the Development of Circular Economy" was issued, proposing "to realize the unification of economic, environmental and social benefits and build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society". Thanks to the promotion of the trade-in policy, the energy efficiency of automobiles and household appliances has been significantly improved. The fuel consumption of old automobiles is 5% to 10% higher than that of new ones, and the power consumption of old household appliances is 20% to 30% higher than that of new ones.

The fourth is to stabilize and expand employment. Household appliances, automobiles and other durable consumer goods have a long industrial chain, and the trade-in policy not only promotes the development of retail industry, but also promotes the development of logistics, after-sales service, recycling and dismantling industries, which are labor-intensive industries and have strong ability to absorb employment. It is estimated that there are more than 400,000 employees who serve the trade-in of household appliances. This round of trade-in of consumer goods has effectively expanded the scale of employment.

In the new round of trade-in of consumer goods, the replacement of durable goods is still the focus of stimulating consumption potential, but different from the last round, the growth of residents’ durable goods consumption is mainly reflected in structural changes, driven by incremental expansion and more driven by stock optimization. By the end of 2023, the number of automobiles in China was 336 million, and the number of refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners and other major categories of household appliances exceeded 3 billion. There is great demand and potential for upgrading automobiles and household appliances. It is worth noting that from the situation and effect of the last round of trade-in, there are still some problems in recycling and dismantling, such as the recycling enterprises can not obtain invoices for tax deduction, the coverage of dismantling enterprises is small, and some household appliances are recycled by small vendors and then flow into the second-hand market. At present, the recycling system of household appliances, automobiles and other durable goods in China is not perfect, there are few qualified recycling enterprises, many decentralized self-employed households and a lack of professional and technical personnel, and the proportion of waste household appliances recycled through formal channels is not high. Therefore, it is very important to build a closed loop of "replacement+recycling" and improve the recycling system. The new round of trade-in of consumer goods may bring about the centralized release of demand. It is suggested to benchmark the international advanced level, give play to the leading role of standards such as energy saving, low carbon, health and safety, promote the development of industrial upgrading and consumption upgrading in the same direction, guide the updated consumption and echelon consumption in an orderly manner, and release the consumption potential continuously and stably.

Grasp the key links and make precise efforts.

Why launch a new round of consumer goods trade-in? What is the market demand and development potential of consumer goods in China?

Wei Qijia (Director and Researcher, Industrial Economics Research Office, Economic Forecasting Department, National Information Center):Looking at the trade-in of consumer goods should not be limited to the consumer goods themselves, but should be understood from the perspective of economic cycle. Carrying out a new round of trade-in of consumer goods accurately and orderly is an important measure to expand effective demand and smooth the cycle of supply and demand. The implementation of this policy is conducive to the formation of a virtuous circle of mutual promotion of consumption and investment, and the realization of benefiting enterprises and the people.

It is timely to promote a new round of trade-in of consumer goods. After the smooth transition of epidemic prevention and control, consumption recovery needs a process, and it can get twice the result with half the effort to really boost consumption from the needs of thousands of households. The data shows that by the end of 2023, the number of cars in China reached 336 million, and the number of household appliances in major categories such as refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners exceeded 3 billion. According to this volume estimate, the upgrading of automobiles and household appliances is expected to create a market space of one trillion yuan. In terms of related consumption potential and growth rate, in the first quarter of this year, the retail sales of consumer goods such as household appliances and audio-visual equipment were 205.3 billion yuan, up 5.8% year-on-year, the retail sales of sports and entertainment products were 30.7 billion yuan, up 14.2% year-on-year, and the retail sales of automobiles were 1,116.3 billion yuan, up 3.8% year-on-year. From the perspective of absolute quantity and growth rate, these consumer goods have a large market space. If the policy can play a better role, it will be able to release huge demand and play a more significant role in supporting and promoting economic growth. From a broader perspective, as the economy stabilizes and rebounds, the consumption growth potential will be further released. At present, accelerating the trade-in of consumer goods will help stimulate consumption potential. The data shows that the total retail sales of consumer goods in the first quarter of this year exceeded 12 trillion yuan, up 4.7% year-on-year, and there is still room for improvement. The recovery of consumption is a slow variable, but the trend of accelerating recovery is emerging.

The new round of trade-in of consumer goods focuses on the fields of automobiles, household appliances, home improvement, kitchen and bathroom, which is closely related to the development stage of China’s economy. The data shows that the urbanization rate of permanent residents is 66.2% in 2023, but the urbanization rate of registered population is less than 50%. The urbanization process is progressing steadily, and the consumer market still has great potential. At the present stage, consumers’ demand for automobiles, home appliances and home improvement kitchens and bathrooms has a large room for growth. Promoting trade-in in these areas can boost consumption and help improve the consumption environment. From the perspective of industrial development, on the one hand, it provides a driving force for the convergence of production and demand, keeping inventory and sales in a dynamic balance, on the other hand, it is conducive to broadening the sales channels of energy-saving products and further enhancing their market share. Recycling is an important focus of industrial green development. Trade-in of consumer goods will innovate and enrich application scenarios and promote high-quality economic development.

Promoting a new round of trade-in of consumer goods is a systematic project, which requires precise efforts in policy and a good grasp of the three key links of "standard clearance", "capital clearance" and "operation clearance".

"Standard Pass" emphasizes the leading role of highlighting standards. Reasonable standards can promote the healthy development of the industry and promote the improvement of product quality, while backward standards are not conducive to product upgrading. For consumer goods, standards are very important. Taking the automobile industry as an example, the mandatory scrapping standards for motor vehicles and the vehicle safety and environmental protection inspection standards are directly related to the cycle of automobile product upgrading, involving equipment safety issues, and need to form a long-term mechanism conducive to the implementation of standards. Taking home appliances as an example, energy consumption standards affect the product system construction of the whole industry. Only when the relevant standards are dynamically updated can the preferential policies related to the buyer play an effective role. In addition to "hard standards", "soft standards" are also indispensable. For example, the definition of recycling valuation needs a frame of reference, a reference object, and a clear calculation process and standards, so as to promote the smooth operation of all aspects of trade-in.

"Capital Pass" emphasizes the optimization of various financial support methods. Financial support is not "flood irrigation", it is not for the sake of support, and it must be accurate and effective. For the trade-in of consumer goods to be supported, it is necessary to comprehensively calculate the amount and proportion of financial support from various information resources and set a reasonable range. For example, the insurance premium rate of new energy vehicles and the down payment ratio of automobile consumption loans all have the problem of optimizing the ratio and effect. Setting a suitable ratio is conducive to the healthy development of the industry. At the same time, we should define the source of funds. Some need financial support, but it doesn’t mean that financial funds can do everything. It is suggested to guide producers to make a balanced calculation according to sales quantity, pricing and profit, and promote trade-in by flexibly adjusting prices.

"Operation Pass" emphasizes the cooperation of the whole chain, such as dismantling and recycling, construction of the main body of operation and after-sales service. From the perspective of policy promotion and implementation, the above link is the "last mile" and will promote the full release of policy dividends. The whole chain link involved in trade-in has a complete and relatively independent internal system, so how to achieve connectivity, penetration, specialization and standardization of the operating subject is very important. It is suggested that by cultivating specialized enterprises, the closed-loop circulation of second-hand goods can be realized, the integration of resources in the whole chain can be promoted, and the after-sales service level can be brought into the big network of trade-in, which will form a strong traction for the accurate and orderly development of trade-in business.

Multi-measures to stimulate consumption vitality and achieve remarkable results

What measures have been taken by various localities to support trade-in? What are the bottlenecks to form the scale effect of upgrading?

Yi Shaohua (Director and Researcher, national academy of economic strategy Market Circulation and Consumption Research Office):With the steady improvement of China’s economic development level and the increasing consumption power of residents, higher requirements are put forward for the quality of consumer goods, and the focus of consumption has changed from survival to development. In the field of physical commodity consumption, some consumer goods markets, represented by automobiles and household appliances, have entered the stage of paying equal attention to stock and increment from the incremental stage. By exchanging the old for the new, it can not only stimulate potential consumption, but also better meet the people’s needs for a better life and form a virtuous circle of mutual promotion of consumption and investment.

At present, the trade-in of consumer goods mainly includes durable consumer goods, bulk consumer goods, such as household appliances, electronic products, automobiles, etc., and joint promotion activities are carried out through government support and profit-making by enterprises. Encouraged by policies, various localities have stimulated consumption vitality and facilitated consumer groups in various ways, and achieved positive results.

Jiangbei New District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, combined with Nanjing International Consumer Festival (Spring) activities, with the theme of "revitalizing the new season", distributed a total of 10 million yuan of automobile consumption subsidies. The Municipal Bureau of Commerce cooperated with two leading enterprises, Suning.cn and JD.COM, to carry out home appliance trade-in activities. JD.COM Wuxing Electric Co., Ltd., in conjunction with the head brand of household appliances, will increase subsidies for trade-in for air conditioners, color TVs, cooking stoves, digital mobile phones and other categories, with a maximum subsidy of 4,000 yuan for a single unit; Suning.cn provides free door-to-door, disassembly, handling and other services, making it more convenient for consumers to replace their home appliances.

The Department of Commerce of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region arranged 16 million yuan to carry out the subsidy activity of replacing old household appliances with new ones. By means of government subsidies, business concessions and platform support, the channel of industry cooperation was opened through the renovation of second-hand houses and old residential quarters, and the home improvement business was catalyzed by home appliance resources, thus promoting the upgrading of home appliances. Take Liuzhou as an example, the city provides diversified supplies and services according to the differentiated needs of consumers, providing consumers with one-stop transformation services of personalized design, garbage removal and preferential replacement, which directly promotes the release of household appliances consumption demand.

Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, through the joint subsidy of home appliance sales enterprises and manufacturers, increased the intensity of trade-in. At the same time, it organized home appliance distribution enterprises to join community streets to carry out trade-in public welfare activities, and provided services such as free cleaning and free testing of home appliances for special people. Hainan Province subsidizes the scrapping and replacement of old cars and the purchase of green household appliances, organizes household appliance enterprises in the province to carry out trade-in activities, encourages tax-free enterprises to give preferential benefits, and forms a multi-party linkage promotion trend. In terms of home improvement and kitchen renovation, Hunan Province has carried out activities such as home rejuvenation season, home improvement consumption festival and home consumption festival, and built 100 green, intelligent and aging-suitable model rooms in the province, taking the model rooms as a demonstration to lead the home improvement and renovation activities, so that consumers can feel the charm of smart life on the spot.

Of course, there are still some bottlenecks that need to be broken.

First, the innovation of financial instruments is insufficient, and the profit margin of enterprises is limited. Trade-in of consumer goods involves a wide range, showing the characteristics of long cycle and large span. It is difficult to achieve it by the enterprise itself. It needs to be supported by fiscal and taxation policies and financial instrument innovation to ease the financial pressure of enterprises and release policy dividends. At present, some financial institutions have made useful explorations in this regard. For example, Fujian Branch of China Construction Bank launched the "five new" measures to update financial support equipment and trade-in consumer goods from the aspects of support equipment, product innovation, consumption scenarios, preferential activities and policy guidance, which effectively improved the quality and efficiency of financial services, helped expand domestic demand and promoted consumption.

Second, it is necessary to find the right entry point to stimulate consumers to change their motivation. Although residents have a demand for upgrading consumer goods, there are many influencing factors. Durable consumer goods such as household appliances are large-sized goods, and the price of a single product is high. Most consumers rarely change their products when they can use them. Even if there are some price concessions, most people are difficult to put them into action. At present, the recycling price of old household appliances, old furniture and other items is low, which is far from consumers’ psychological expectations, and has also become one of the factors affecting trade-in. It is still a challenge to push consumers to turn potential demand into real demand and make them willing to change and actively change.

Third, the recycling system of used household appliances needs to be improved. In the process of releasing the demand for the replacement of household appliances, the recycling of waste household appliances is facing difficulties. Some household appliances and furniture manufacturers give up recycling related products because of the high recycling cost. At the same time, factors such as the lack of storage space for waste goods and the difficulty of recycling vehicles entering the city have also restricted the expansion of the market scale of household appliances and furniture. It is suggested to build a regional transfer station for waste household appliances in a suitable place, collect waste household appliances and furniture at home through platforms, merchants and third-party resources, and transport them to the dismantling site. At the same time, home appliance manufacturers are encouraged to build a recycling system of "recycling-dismantling-regeneration-remanufacturing" to achieve green and low-carbon development.

Let the recycling of old goods be efficient and smooth

How to realize efficient recycling of old goods with new ones?

Peng Bo (researcher, Institute of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, Ministry of Commerce):In March 2024, the State Council issued the Action Plan for Promoting Large-scale Equipment Renewal and Trade-in of Consumer Goods (hereinafter referred to as the Action Plan). According to the Action Plan, the replaced consumer goods can be recycled efficiently through the circulation of second-hand goods, remanufacturing, step-by-step utilization and recycling.

The Action Plan proposes to support the circulation of second-hand commodities. The complete automobile market includes new car and used car market, and the trading volume of used cars in major developed countries exceeds that of new cars. By the end of 2023, China’s car ownership reached 336 million, with 34.8 million newly registered motor vehicles, and the cumulative transaction volume of used cars nationwide was 18.4133 million, up 14.88% year-on-year. In terms of export, the export volume of used cars in China exceeded 100,000 vehicles in 2023, accounting for only 2% of the total export scale of 4.91 million vehicles. Most of them are parallel export vehicles, and the used car market has broad development potential.

The market potential of second-hand electronic products is huge. Apple once launched the iPhone trade-in business in the United States. Consumers can exchange old iPhones for certain points in the Apple Store and offset them when buying a new generation of mobile phones. In recent years, China’s mobile phone and home appliance market is developing with each passing day, product updating iteration is fast, and consumer demand is growing rapidly. The data shows that in 2023, China’s total mobile phone shipments totaled 289 million units, and the idle amount of used mobile phones increased year by year. It is estimated that the total idle amount will reach 6 billion units during the 14 th Five-Year Plan period. Trade-in will accelerate the update iteration of mobile phone production, and the electronic product industry will usher in greater development space.

Second-hand furniture transactions continue to develop. According to the survey data of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics, among more than 3,000 citizens who participated in the survey, 11.1% of the respondents abandoned large furniture in 2023, and 46.5% of them chose to sell waste products. Furniture with good color and brand will usually be sent to the second-hand market for resale, among which solid wood and second-hand furniture with certain collection value are relatively popular.

The Action Plan proposes to promote remanufacturing and step-by-step utilization in an orderly manner. This requirement also applies to consumer goods. The earliest "remanufacturing" appeared in the 1930s. In 2010, the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments jointly issued "Opinions on Promoting the Development of Remanufacturing Industry", which proposed that remanufacturing can save energy by 60%, materials by 70% and costs by 50% compared with manufacturing new products, and almost no solid waste is produced, and the emission of air pollutants is reduced by more than 80%. At present, the market size of the global remanufacturing industry has exceeded 150 billion US dollars. The annual output value of China’s remanufacturing industry has exceeded 100 billion yuan, making it one of the largest remanufacturing markets in the world.

The price of engine remanufactured products of Jinan Fuqiang Power Co., Ltd. is only 75% of the original price of new products. If the old engine is exchanged for remanufactured products, it can also offset 25% of the price. BYD is committed to the production of new energy vehicles, and attaches great importance to the remanufacturing and cascade utilization of automotive power batteries. When the available capacity of the power battery is 60% to 80%, which can not meet the use requirements, the waste power battery will be recycled for testing and maintenance, and then sent to the power and communication fields for building energy storage power stations after reorganization; When the available capacity of the power battery is further attenuated to 20% to 60%, it can be recycled and disassembled into single batteries for solar street lamps, UPS power supplies and other small energy storage tools. When the usable capacity decays to less than 20%, it will be scrapped, from which useful chemical components and metal elements will be extracted and recovered for the production of new power batteries. Gemei is one of the leading enterprises to recycle electronic wastes and used batteries economically and on a large scale, and has built a life cycle value chain from recycling, remanufacturing to step-by-step utilization to ensure the efficient recycling of used power batteries.

The Action Plan proposes to promote high-level recycling of resources. Improving the ability and level of resource recycling can significantly reduce the demand for primary resources and reduce the pressure of mineral resources exploitation on the natural environment.

According to the statistics of China Renewable Resources Recycling Association, in 2023, the amount of scrapped cars increased by 7.56 million, up by 32%, the amount of recycled furniture exceeded 200 million, the total amount of recycled household appliances reached 4.5 million tons, and the amount of discarded mobile phones could reach more than 400 million every year. It is estimated that after a scrapped small car is finely disassembled, it can decompose about 36 kilograms of rubber, 70 kilograms of plastic, 740 kilograms of scrap iron and 100 kilograms of aluminum; An ordinary refrigerator can recover 9 kilograms of plastic, 38.6 kilograms of iron and 1.4 kilograms of copper; One ton of used mobile phones can extract 400 grams of gold and 2300 grams of silver.

Miluo City, Hunan Province has gathered more than 100 enterprises specializing in the treatment of used household appliances, forming a relatively complete industrial chain, and nearly 10,000 tons of usable substances are obtained after recycling and dismantling used household appliances every day. Among them, recycled metals are sold to auto parts manufacturers in this city for reproduction, which is environmentally friendly and reduces production costs. Haier Group practices the concept of sustainable development, supports the green and sustainable development of the whole industrial chain, and builds the industry’s first home appliance recycling interconnected factory integrating "recycling-dismantling-recycling-reuse", covering three systems of recycling, dismantling and recycling, and has customized six dismantling lines for used household appliances, one cleaning and sorting line for recycled plastics and 13 high-quality recycling new material granulation lines. At present, the factory has an annual dismantling capacity of 2 million sets of waste household appliances and a recycling capacity of 30,000 tons of recycled materials.

Sponsor: General Office of Fuzhou Municipal People’s GovernmentUndertaking: Fuzhou Data Management Bureau

To ensure the best browsing effect, it is recommended that you use the following browser versions: IE browser version 9.0 and above; Google Chrome browser version 63 and above; 360 browser version 9.1 and above, and IE kernel 9.0 and above.

No.122 [2023] of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

The competent departments of industry and information technology of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities under separate state planning, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, relevant industry associations, enterprises and institutions:

The "Implementation Opinions on the Construction and Application of Manufacturing Technology Innovation System" are hereby printed and distributed to you, please conscientiously implement it according to the actual situation.

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

August 15, 2023

Note:

① There are 1-5★, and the more★, the higher the overall level. Among them, one ★ belongs to the field of "stuck neck", which is highly dependent on the outside world in terms of products and technology, and its self-sufficiency rate is very low. Two ★ means that technology belongs to the field of "stuck neck", and it is externally dependent on products and technologies, and the technology and products as a whole are not competitive and have weak self-sufficiency ability. 3 ★ means that the independent technology and products are in the "usable" stage, and some technologies and products in the link have certain competitiveness at home and abroad, and the self-sufficiency rate is at a medium level. 4 ★ means that the independent technology and products are in the "easy to use" stage, and some technologies in the link have strong international competitiveness and high self-sufficiency rate. Five ★ represents that the independent technology and products in the link are in the "easy to use" stage, with strong international competitiveness, leading domestic technology level and high self-sufficiency rate.

② It is divided into 1-5 grades, and the higher the number, the higher the level of technological development. Among them, the level 1 representative has weak technical ability and is seriously subject to people. Level-2 represents weak self-owned technical ability, and key technologies are subject to people. Level 3 represents a certain breakthrough in its own technology and keeps pace with the international leading level. The key technologies of Level 4 Representative are relatively mature, and some of them have reached the international advanced level. Level 5 represents the establishment and perfection of its own technical system, and the key technologies have reached the international leading level.

③ It is divided into 1-5 grades, and the larger the number, the higher the basic commonality. Among them, level 1 represents the key technology is only the unique technology of the production object in this link. Level 2 represents that key technologies are applicable to this subdivision. Level 3 means that key technologies are applicable to this industry. Level 4 means that key technologies are applicable to most industries. Level 5 represents that key technologies are widely applicable to various industries.

④ It is divided into 1-5 grades. The larger the number, the greater the gap and the difficulty of catching up. Among them, the level of level 1 representatives is basically the same as that of foreign countries. There is a gap of 1-3 years between the level of level 2 representatives and that of foreign countries. There is a gap of 3-5 years between the level of level 3 representatives and that of foreign countries. There is a gap of 5-10 years between the level of level 4 delegates and that of foreign countries. There is a gap of more than 10 years between the level of level 5 representatives and that of foreign countries.

Main characteristic indicators: describe the technical indicators that can be compared at home and abroad.

⑤ The technology without independent ability corresponds to level 1 in the overall evaluation of the list of key technologies, indicating that the technology is completely dependent on the outside world and is in the stage of tackling key scientific and technological problems; The technologies to be industrialized correspond to Grade 2-3 in the overall evaluation of the list of key technologies. Grade 2 indicates that the technology has passed the stage of tackling key scientific and technological problems and is in the stage of commercialization and small-batch production of achievements. Grade 3 indicates that the products and technological processes tend to be mature but have not yet completed the industrialization stage. Mature technologies that can be widely popularized correspond to grades 4-5 in the overall evaluation of the list of key technologies. Grade 4 indicates that the technology has been preliminarily matured and can be applied to individual industries, and grade 5 indicates that the technology is advanced and mature and can be widely popularized.

Note:

① It is divided into 1-5 pieces. The more pieces, the higher the overall level. The overall evaluation can be made by combining the gap between domestic and foreign material suppliers, the diversity and stability of material sources, etc.

② It is divided into 1-5 grades, and the greater the number, the greater the gap. Level 1 represents a high market share of domestic materials, which has strong international competitiveness and is in the forefront of the international market share. Level 2 represents a high market share of domestic materials and has certain competitiveness in the world. Level 3 represents that domestic materials are in the "usable" stage and have a certain market share. Level 4 means that the materials are mainly from abroad, and the domestic materials are in the stage of "not easy to use". Level 5 means that there is no relevant material supplier in China, and the degree of control is high.

③ It is divided into 1-5 grades, and the bigger the number, the better the situation. Overall evaluation can be given in combination with diversity and stability. In terms of diversity evaluation, the first-level representative supplier has a single source. The number of level 2 representative suppliers is small, and all of them are foreign suppliers. Level 3 represents a certain number of suppliers, and most of the products are supplied from abroad. Level 4 represents diversified suppliers, some of which are from abroad. Level 5 means that suppliers have diversified sources and have alternatives in extreme cases. In terms of stability, the main suppliers of the first-level representative core products are extremely unstable and highly constrained, which is greatly affected by changes in the international situation. Level 2 represents the unstable suppliers of core products, which are highly controlled and affected by changes in the international situation. Level 3 represents the suppliers of core products with certain stability, and domestic or friendly countries account for a certain proportion. Level 4 represents stable suppliers of core products, mainly domestic or friendly countries. Level 5 represents stable suppliers of core products, mainly domestic suppliers.

Note:

① It is divided into four levels: international leading, international advanced, domestic leading and domestic advanced. It is necessary to fill in the top three enterprises in terms of foreign and domestic share or overall development level respectively.

② It is divided into 1-5 grades, and the bigger the number, the better the situation. Level 1 represents that domestic enterprises have not established cooperative relations or cannot form cooperation due to lack of links; level 2 represents that some upstream and downstream enterprises have established cooperative relations; level 3 represents that upstream and downstream key enterprises have established cooperative relations; level 4 represents that upstream and downstream key links have established extensive cooperative relations and jointly promoted the research and development and industrialization of new technologies and new products; level 5 represents that upstream and downstream enterprises have closely cooperated and collaborative innovations have been widely applied, forming an overall competitive advantage.

Note:

① It is divided into 1-5★ grades, and the more★, the higher the overall level. Overall evaluation combined with domestic manufacturing equipment capabilities and gaps and other factors for overall comprehensive analysis.

② It is divided into 1-5 grades. The larger the number, the greater the gap and the difficulty of catching up. Among them, there is basically no difference in the level of level 1 representatives. There is a gap of 1-3 years between the level of level 2 representatives and that of foreign countries. There is a gap of 3-5 years between the level of level 3 representatives and that of foreign countries. There is a gap of 5-10 years between the level of level 4 delegates and that of foreign countries. There is a gap of more than 10 years between the level of level 5 representatives and foreign countries, so it is very difficult to catch up.

Static breakthrough period: the shortest time required for domestic production of products of the same level as those of foreign countries.

Note:

According to the concept of "quality is determined by R&D and design, realized by manufacturing and guaranteed by inspection and testing", quality runs through the whole life cycle of products and requires various quality engineering technologies. Among them, quality design technology is related design control technology around quality characteristics in the design process of products or manufacturing. Such as: design parameter optimization technology, reliability design technology and so on. Manufacturing process quality control technology is a related control technology around product quality characteristics in the process of product processing and manufacturing. Such as: on-line measurement control technology, equipment stability assurance technology, etc. Detection and test technology is related to the measurement, inspection and test of product quality characteristics. Such as calibration technology. Quality assurance technology: It refers to the technology related to product quality control in order to ensure users’ continuous use requirements and subsequent quality improvement during product delivery and operation. Such as: Operation and Maintenance Task Analysis Technology (OMTA), Fault Reporting, Analysis and Corrective Action System (FRACAS), etc.

① It is divided into 1-5★ grades, and the more★, the higher the overall level. 1★ represents the lack of quality engineering technology, and there is no relevant quality engineering technology institution in China. 2★ represents weak quality engineering technology and lack of authoritative organization. Level 3★ means that there is a gap in quality engineering technology, and it has a well-known quality engineering technology institution. 4★ It represents that there is a gap in some domestic quality engineering technologies, and it has internationally renowned quality engineering technology institutions. 5★ represents that quality engineering technology is at the same level with foreign countries, and it has international advanced quality engineering technology institutions.

② It is divided into 1-5 grades. The larger the number, the greater the gap and the difficulty of catching up. Among them, there is basically no difference in the level of level 1 representatives. There is a gap of 1-3 years between the level of level 2 representatives and that of foreign countries. There is a gap of 3-5 years between the level of level 3 representatives and that of foreign countries. There is a gap of 5-10 years between the level of level 4 delegates and that of foreign countries. There is a gap of more than 10 years between the level of level 5 representatives and foreign countries, so it is very difficult to catch up.

Note:

Standard categories include: international standards, regional standards, national standards, industry standards, group standards and enterprise-led factual standards.

① It is divided into 1-5★ grades, and the more★, the higher the overall level. One ★ represents a serious lack of domestic standards in this field, no independent standards and lack of application, the standards are subject to people and difficult to break through, the right to speak technology is seriously lacking, and the necessary patents for standards are held by foreign enterprises. Two ★ represent the lack of domestic standards in this field, the insufficient number and application of independent standards, the insufficient matching between independent standards and the current level of industrial development, and the existence of many new technologies and products that have not been covered. China has adopted international standards, but it lacks the right to speak in technology. 3 ★ represents that there are a certain number of independent standards in China, but the standard system is not perfect, the applicability of independent standards basically matches the current industrial development level, the digitalization of standards has begun to advance, and there are some new technologies and products that have not been covered. The implementation of standards in this field is good, and the standards have been adopted by certain policies in terms of market access, supervision after the event, etc. China has participated in the formulation of international standards in this field and formed a certain technical discourse right in some sub-fields. 4 ★ Represents that domestic standards in this field are relatively complete, and there is a mature standard system. Independent standards and standards are widely used digitally, which has played a great role in promoting industrial development. The implementation of standards in this field by enterprises is very good, and standards are widely publicized and trained. Standards have more policy acceptance in market access, supervision after the event, etc., and domestic enterprises actively participate in international standardization activities in this field.And formed a greater technical discourse power. Five stars ★ represent that the standards in this field are complete and sufficient, the standard system is sound and forward-looking, and the independent standards and standards are widely used digitally, which has played an important role in promoting industrial development. Enterprises have achieved remarkable results in implementing the standards in this field, with a high compliance rate. They have organized extensive standards publicity and training, and the standards have been widely adopted by policies in terms of market access and supervision afterwards, and have established a leading position in international standardization in this field.

Note:

① It is divided into 1-5★ grades, and the more★, the higher the overall level. The overall evaluation combines the gap between domestic and foreign major service providers, the level of digital development and the level of green development to make a comprehensive analysis.

② It is divided into 1-5 grades, and the higher the number, the higher the level of digital development. Level 1 representatives do not have the relevant digital transformation and development capabilities. The second-level representative part adopted automation technology and information technology to transform and upgrade the production activities, and initially realized the data sharing of the business. Level 3 represents the integration of the equipment and systems involved to realize cross-link data sharing. Level 4 fully excavates and applies the data of personnel, resources and manufacturing in the manufacturing process through digital means, and the production efficiency and product quality are obviously improved. Level 5 represents the iterative upgrading of the industry based on digital technology, efficient coordination of the industrial chain, and accelerated formation of new models and new formats.

③ It is divided into 1-5 grades, and the higher the number, the higher the level of green development. Level 1 represents high energy consumption level of products, weak pollutant treatment capacity and generally weak awareness of green development. Level 2 represents a high level of energy consumption, a weak ability to deal with pollutants, and a weak ability to serve green manufacturing. Level 3 delegates have established a green development mechanism, initially carried out energy conservation, pollutant prevention and control, and formed a number of green technology/solution service providers. Level 4 represents that green and low-carbon technologies have been expanded and applied, energy consumption level and carbon emission intensity have been steadily reduced, and the green technology/solution service system is relatively perfect. Level 5 represents a low energy consumption level, achieving peak carbon dioxide emissions, and improving the green technology/solution service provider system.

④ It is divided into 1-5 grades, and the larger the number, the higher the maturity of the supporting facilities. Level 1 representatives have no relevant public service platform at present. Level 2 representatives have relevant public service platforms, and their service capabilities are single. Level 3 representatives have relevant public service platforms and provide some necessary public service projects. The four-level representative service platform has common services such as information service, financing service, technological innovation service, entrepreneurship service, training service, management consulting service, market development and legal service. The Level-5 representative platform focuses on industrial characteristics and application requirements, and has established complete services including specialized information services, financing services, technological innovation services, entrepreneurial services, training services, management consulting services, market development, and legal services.

　　CCTV News:Recently, the Ministry of Commerce proposed to innovate consumption scenes, appropriately relax the restrictions on temporary display, and use night markets and theme markets that consumers love to see to create consumption scenes that meet the needs of different consumer groups. When interviewed in Huarong County, Hunan Province, the reporter saw that the standardized night stall market made the night consumption lively and orderly.

　　In the evening, the night stalls in Huarong County, Hunan Province are also lively. Looking up, although there are many stalls, they are miscellaneous but not chaotic. The stall owners are lined up in an orderly manner according to the designated area designated by the urban management.

　　In March this year, after Huarong Urban Management Brigade Regional Squadron opened the night stall for approval, Huang Feng immediately signed up and set up this stall near his own store.

　　That night, all the 14 tables in Huang Fengjia’s booth were full of guests, and there were many guests to take out. Due to the unique taste and reasonable price, the ice flower and pot-stewed taste of Huangfeng booth sell well every day, and now the daily income exceeds 1,000 yuan.

　　In Huarong County, there are more than 300 stall owners like Huang Feng’s family who use their free time to set up night stalls. In order to further standardize the night stall market and increase the market vitality, Huarong County has specially introduced the night stall declaration and management system to simplify the work flow.

　　Zhangzhou, China, April 15 (Reporter Bai Jiege) According to the Voice of China report, people who have played real CS are no strangers to simulation guns. However, a Fujian teenager never imagined that an online shopping brought him jail. Two years ago, 18-year-old Xiao Liu bought 24 "simulation guns" online from a seller in Taiwan Province, but they were seized by the customs. After identification, 20 of them turned out to be guns.

　　In August 2014, he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the crime of smuggling weapons. The court held that buying and selling simulation guns was prohibited by law, and the smuggled simulation guns were identified as guns, which constituted the crime of smuggling weapons, and the circumstances were particularly serious.

　　Although it is final, lawyers believe that the details of the purchase link are still controversial. This week, the Higher People’s Court of Fujian Province has filed a case for review. So, how did the simulation gun become a real gun?

　　The last time Ms. Hu saw her son Xiao Liu was on March 20th this year. She visited Zhangzhou Prison in Fujian once a month. Ms. Hu said that he was very pessimistic. He always feels that he has been sentenced to life imprisonment, and no matter how good his performance is, he will be about our age.

　　In 2014, at the age of 18, Xiao Liu bought 24 "BB guns for survival games" from a seller in Taiwan Province through the Internet in his hometown in Sichuan, with a total price of 30,540 yuan.

　　Ms. Hu said that she knew that he had discussed with herself, "He likes to play this game. We also told him at that time, so just buy one or two, not so many. He told us that if one or two were delivered in Taiwan Province, it would take 30,000 yuan to deliver the goods."

　　Xiao Liu didn’t get these guns, but waited for the customs staff at home: "The money was later returned. I heard that the seller told my son that this thing was detained by the customs and I will return the money to you." Ms. Hu said that it took more than a month from buying things to returning money, and it took more than half a month for people who came to the customs to go home.

　　Ms. Hu said that at first they didn’t realize the seriousness of the problem: "Because they didn’t receive anything, they didn’t see anything. We think it may be closed at most and will be released in a few months. "

　　On September 29th, 2014, Xiao Liu was arrested on suspicion of smuggling weapons. On April 30 last year, he was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Intermediate People’s Court of Quanzhou City, Fujian Province for smuggling weapons. On August 25, the Higher People’s Court of Fujian Province rejected the appeal and upheld the original judgment.

　　Lawyer Xu Xin, a professor at Beijing Institute of Technology Law School, became Xiao Liu’s defender after this. Last November, he met with Xiao Liu: "His state is very bad, and he feels very wronged and incomprehensible. He said that he just had such a hobby, and he was suddenly sentenced, and it was life imprisonment. He felt that life was hopeless and desperate. "

　　Combined with the materials written by Xiao Liu, Xu Xin filed a plea of innocence with the Higher People’s Court of Fujian Province: the main reason for making a plea of innocence is very sufficient, because one of the biggest problems found in the process of studying this case is that it is very likely that his simulation gun was not bought by the party concerned.

　　Xu Xin said that the judgments in the first and second instance only proved that Xiao Liu was shopping with a seller named "Blue Sea and Blue Sky" and that a couple from Taiwan Province delivered goods to Xiao Liu, but it could not prove that the couple from Taiwan Province were "Blue Sea and Blue Sky": "The key problem is that the guns he bought are different from the guns he was detained at last. The biggest difference is that the four long guns he bought are all rechargeable, but all the detained guns are inflatable."

　　Xu Xin also questioned some evidence in the judgments of the first and second instance. He said that Xiao Liu only bought a toy gun, and there was no subjective intention and no harm: he bought a gun for his own fun and collection, and subjectively there was no criminal intention. And objectively, he didn’t commit a crime. He didn’t get the gun at all, and objectively, he didn’t receive it.

　　For a non-standard gun that can’t fire standard ammunition, it also looks like a gun. Is it a real gun or a simulation gun in law? In the "Regulations on Performance Appraisal of Firearms and Ammunition Involved by Public Security Organs" issued by the Ministry of Public Security of China in 2001, the judgment standard is to shoot with a dry pine board with a thickness of 25.4mm, and the muzzle is 1 meter away from the board. If the warhead penetrates this pine board, it is judged that this gun is enough to cause death; The bullet or shrapnel stuck on the pine board, which proves that the gun is enough to hurt people. The above two cases are identified as guns, that is, real guns. In 2010, the Ministry of Public Security revised the "Work Regulations", which did not mention the identification method of this experiment, but clearly stated that the muzzle specific kinetic energy of the projectile fired was greater than or equal to 1.8 Joule/cm2, and it was all recognized as a gun. In 2007, the related Standards for Identification of Simulation Guns and Criteria for Forensic Scientific Appraisal of Guns’ Injuries have already mentioned the demarcation value of 1.8 Joules/cm2, which is based on the fact that it can affect the most vulnerable part of human body — — Bare eyes cause minor injuries, but they cannot penetrate the skin.

　　The change of this standard has caused controversy. Xiao Liu’s defense lawyer Xu Xin said: "His case involves the biggest problem, and it is also the biggest motivation for me to pay attention to this case because it involves more and more ordinary people. Because of the current identification of China simulation gun, the standard for identifying it as a real gun is very low, that is, the muzzle specific kinetic energy is 1.8 Joule/cm2, which is equivalent to one-ninth of the standard in 2001, which is much lower than the old standard. Only one red dot can appear at close range, and the skin can’t be injured. "

　　According to the inquiry of Zhu Zhengfu, a member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, the standard for determining the lethality of firearms in Japan and Taiwan Province is 20 Joules/cm2, which is 11 times that of the current standard of China Ministry of Public Security. Therefore, guns that are legal toys in neighboring countries and regions will be identified as "guns with China characteristics" as soon as they enter the country, and the punishment for the relevant parties will be the same as the real gun case. Therefore, in the proposal of the National People’s Congress this year, Zhu Zhengfu proposed to re-examine the relevant gun identification standards.

　　In order to visit his son and complain about his case, Xiao Liu’s parents left their hometown in Sichuan and went to work in Fujian. Xiao Liu’s mother, Ms. Hu, said that they had been unable to contact the sellers in Taiwan Province after the incident. She learned this week that the Fujian Provincial High Court has filed a case review of Xiao Liu’s case.

　　Some media also quoted the relevant person in charge of the Fujian Provincial High Court to confirm this statement.

　　Recently, although the Korean entertainment circle is shrouded in the shadow of star suicide, many stars have made their love affairs public. Cui Zhiyou and Li Zhenxu, Li Dongjian and Ye-ryeon Cha, Jiang Huizhen and Tablo, Han Gaoen and Jin Dongyuan have all become the targets of media pursuit, which is enough to sweep away the haze caused by suicide. According to media analysis, the biggest driving force for artists’ open love affair is the global financial crisis.

　　In February, Tablo, who disclosed the fact of love, once again disclosed the intimate photos with her lover Jiang Huizhen, and they showed their love at the dinner table. At the same time, Tablo also expressed his endless affection for his lover in his blog.

　　Active exposure type

　　Jiang Huizhen and Tablo

　　Jiang Huizhen, an actress, is much more high-profile. She recently made it public on a TV program that she is in love with the singer Tablo. She revealed that since the public affair, they don’t have to secretly date as before, so they feel very comfortable. According to reports, the two met through friends at the end of last year and soon developed into lovers. After that, Tablo also talked about love generously: "I feel very happy because she is here. She always brings me endless energy. I really appreciate her."

Han Gaoen and Jin Dongyuan.

　　Han Gaoen and Jin Dongyuan.

　　Coincidentally, Han Gaoen, an actor, suddenly exposed a new love affair on a TV program a few days ago: "I have a lover who has known each other for about 12 years and dated for 2 months. He is not an actor, and we have a good relationship. " As soon as this remark came out, it attracted media speculation. After verification, it was found that it was director Jin Dongyuan who captured Han Gaoen’s heart. After he became famous as an advertising director in the 1990s, he broke into the Korean film industry in 2006 through the popular film "One Head and One Master". The fate of the two can be traced back to 12 years ago. Han Gaoen’s first advertising work was written by Jin Dongyuan. Last November, the two quickly developed into lovers in the process of filming the movie "The City of Regret".

Han Zhihui was photographed by a Korean media when they went hiking together for a date.

　　Han Zhihui fell in love with the prosecutor.

　　Generally, artists meet secretly in the parking lot in front of their homes for fear of exposure. On the contrary, actor Han Zhihui (25 years old) enjoys public dating happily. At present, she is in love with A Jun, a prosecutor who is six years older than herself, and Han Zhihui also admitted that they have recently started dating since they met in January this year.

　　Mr. A, the hero who won Han Zhihui’s heart, is an elite prosecutor. Although he has not been in office for a long time, he has been recognized by his colleagues and predecessors with his honesty. A Jun not only graduated from Seoul National University, the highest institution in Korea, but also passed the judicial examination. He is a talented person with a bright future.

Xin ‘ai

Sung – eun Kim

　　Xin Ai Seong-eun Kim found their own home.

　　In addition, actors Xin Ai and Seong-eun Kim announced the "good news" in March. The former will marry a Korean student who is two years older than her and is studying in the United States in May and June. The latter confessed in the SBS TV program that he was "happily in love" with South Korean football player Zheng Zhaoguo.

　　Beijing, July 4 (Yuan Xiuyue) How much women love beauty can be seen from makeup. Air bangs, orange soda makeup, walking in the street, every girl who comes face to face has her own dress. In fact, as early as the Tang Dynasty, powder makeup has become a social trend, and the eyebrows, hairstyles and makeup of women in the Tang Dynasty are even more diverse.

　　Recently, the costumes, makeup and props in the TV series The Longest Day In Chang’an have caused a heated discussion on the Internet. Hibiscus crown, lip-biting makeup, high bun and fork-handed ceremony. Historically, were people like this in the Tang Dynasty? Besides Jackson Yee and Lei Jiayin, what are the highlights of this drama?

　　Is Jackson Yee’s hairpin wrong?

　　In the play, Jackson Yee plays Li Bi, a young genius. The prototype is Li Bi, a veteran of the four dynasties in the Tang Dynasty, who was once an official to a prime minister. He advocated Taoism all his life, so in the play, Li Bi wore Taoist clothes as soon as he appeared, with dust in his hand and a lotus crown on his head. Among them, the wearing method of lotus crown has also caused controversy.

　　In many costume dramas before, the hairpin of the protagonist was inserted horizontally in the hair crown, but the hairpin on Li Bi’s head was vertical. Some people questioned whether this was wrong.

　　In fact, this way of wearing the hairpin vertically is called meridian hairpin, which is the characteristic of Taoism. In the Tang Dynasty, Taoism had formed a relatively perfect clothing system. Monks’ costumes are divided into seven grades. According to the number of years of entering Taoism and the depth of learning Taoism, the clothes, scarves, boots and shoes of each grade of monks and their colors and textures have different specifications.

　　The higher the rank, the more complicated and gorgeous the dress is, and those who first enter the door can only wear hats. In the play, Li Bidai has two crowns, the lotus crown on the clear surface and the lotus crown on the jade Qing, which are the crowns that can only be worn by middle and high-ranking Taoist wizards.

　　Special fork-handed ceremony

　　Etiquette is very important for costume drama, which is also one of the ways to substitute scenes. Everyone is familiar with bowing, bowing or bowing, but many people are puzzled by the fork-handed courtesy in The Longest Day In Chang’an. What is this operation?

　　Hand-crossing ceremony, that is, "hold the thumb of the right hand tightly with the left hand, the little finger of the left hand is pointing to the right wrist, the four fingers of the right hand are straight, and the left hand is pointing upwards", is a kind of etiquette that shows special respect.

　　There are many records about the fork-hand ceremony in history, which was seen in the history books many times in the late Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties. In addition to literature records, the hand-crossing ceremony was also found in the murals of Zhao Yigong’s tomb in the late Tang Dynasty, and there were also graphic descriptions of the hand-crossing ceremony in the two paintings of Han Xizai’s Night Banquet and the Female Filial Piety Sutra.

　　Some scholars believe that in the Tang Dynasty, the fork-handed ceremony was very popular and was well known to all women and children. The fork-hand ceremony was widely popular, probably in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and it was also the most basic etiquette in people’s lives. In the TV series "Do you know if it should be green, fat, red and thin?", there have also been many times of hand-crossing rituals.

　　Women in the Tang Dynasty had more makeup.

　　After the broadcast of The Longest Day In Chang’an, the women’s lip biting makeup in the Tang Dynasty boarded a hot search. In fact, not only lip makeup, but also women in the Tang Dynasty were very particular about face makeup, eyebrow shape and bun.

　　As early as the Warring States Period, women in China began to powder themselves, and the raw materials were rice flour, lead powder, pearl powder and stone powder. In the Tang Dynasty, the national strength was prosperous, and women’s makeup was also diverse, such as white makeup with lead powder as the main makeup, red makeup with rouge as the main makeup, and peach blossom makeup, flying glow makeup, drunken makeup, crying makeup, tears makeup and so on.

　　Ancient women also attached great importance to the modification of eyebrow shape, and the material of thrush was "Shi Dai". In the Tang Dynasty, thrush had become a fashion. In the Tang dynasty, there were many styles of eyebrows, including more than ten kinds, such as willow eyebrows, moon eyebrows, broad eyebrows and eight-character eyebrows.

　　Speaking of women in the Tang Dynasty, many people first think of high bun. Historically, there were many hairstyles for women in the Tang Dynasty, including more than 200 kinds with names. The bun combed on the top of the head is called Gao Ji, which is the most popular one in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

　　However, Gao Ji has a very high demand for hair. Don’t women in the Tang Dynasty lose their hair? In fact, women in the Tang Dynasty also had the habit of wearing fake bun, which was called "Yi bun". It is said that Yang Guifei has a hobby of wearing fake bun.

　　Earrings were not popular in the Tang Dynasty?

　　Besides makeup and hairstyle, women’s accessories are also very important. In The Longest Day In Chang’an, many women wear gorgeous clothes, but they don’t wear earrings.

　　This is not the fault of the crew, but from real history. According to the book "Women’s Adornment in China", earrings appeared only after metallurgical technology came into being, and most of them were made of bronze at first. However, women in the Tang Dynasty did not have pierced ears or earrings. Although some earrings were found in some tombs of the Tang Dynasty, most of them were relics of ethnic minorities.

　　It was not until the Song Dynasty that the wind of piercing ears began to prevail. Northern minorities generally have the habit of wearing earrings, and even men are popular with ear piercing.

　　Special fan — — Ouwei

　　There is also a special artifact in the play — — Blackbird tail, which is a kind of fan with animal hair around the sector. It is generally believed that the bird’s tail is a representative utensil for scholars to talk about metaphysics and Taoism in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Some people think that it came into being earlier.

　　The tail of the bird is generally used to distinguish between priority and priority in conversation, and it can also eliminate mosquitoes and flies, relieve summer heat and relieve fever. In addition, it is also a status symbol, and only people with noble status can hold the tail of the bird.

　　In the Tang dynasty, the tail of the bird was still popular among the literati. In the play, Yan Yuhuang, a Taoist priest, is holding the tail of an owl, and the prototype is Yang Yuhuan. However, with the changes of the times, after the Song Dynasty, the bird’s tail gradually withdrew from people’s lives, but was replaced by fans and dusters. (End)