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During the global influenza pandemic in Spain in 1918, the influenza ward of the US military camp hospital in France. (Photo: Shutterstock)

In the long history, the outbreak of epidemic diseases always threatens mankind, sometimes changing the historical process and even marking the end of the whole civilization. Here, we have summarized the 20 most serious epidemics from prehistoric times to modern society.

1. Prehistoric Plague: Around 3000 BC

A room about 5,000 years ago was found in China, with debris all over it, or a deadly plague happened here. (Image copyright: China Archaeology)

About 5000 years ago, an infectious disease wiped out a prehistoric village in China. The room where the bodies of the deceased were piled up was then burned. The wreckage in the room belongs to teenagers, young people and middle-aged people, indicating that people of all ages have not been spared. This archaeological site, now known as Ha Min Mangha, is one of the best preserved prehistoric sites in Northeast China.

Archaeological and anthropological studies have found that the epidemic occurred very quickly. People don’t even have time to prepare a proper funeral. The site has not been inhabited since then.

Before the discovery of the site of Hamin Mangha, another large prehistoric tomb in Northeast China was unearthed in Miaozigou, which was almost at the same time. Together, these findings show that an epidemic disease once raged in the whole region.

2. Athens plague: 430 BC

Remains of Pantheon in Acropolis complex. The city experienced a plague lasting about five years around 430 BC. (Image copyright: Shutterstock)

Around 430 BC, a battle between Athens and Sparta had just begun, and the plague swept through Athens for five years. Some analysts estimate that the death toll is in the millions. Thucydides (460-400 BC), an ancient Greek historian, described it as follows: "People who are in good health are suddenly hit hard on the head, their eyes are red and swollen, their internal organs such as throat and tongue are congested, and their breathing is unnatural and full of stench." (Translated by Richard Crowley, quoted from the Peloponnesian War, Dent Press, London, 1914. )

The specific disease of this plague has been a controversial topic among scientists. A series of diseases, including typhoid fever and Ebola, are possible. Many scholars believe that the gathering phenomenon caused by the war may have worsened the situation of this plague. Because the Spartan army was stronger, the Athenians gathered in the city’s military protective building called "Long Wall" to seek refuge. The plague did not stop the war from continuing, and Athens was forced to surrender until 404 BC.

3. Anthony plague: 165-180 AD

Roman soldiers are likely to return home with smallpox virus, which will eventually lead to the outbreak of Anthony plague. (Image copyright: Shutterstock)

When the expedition soldiers returned to the Roman Empire, they brought back more than victory. According to the article published by Apropod, a senior professor of Roman history at Manchester Metropolitan University, in the book Ancient Upheavals (routledge Press, 2017), the plague of Anthony was most likely caused by smallpox virus. Since then, it has ravaged the army and killed more than 5 million people in the Roman Empire.

Many historians believe that the plague was brought back to the Roman Empire by soldiers after the war with Parthia. The plague finally led to the end of the peaceful Roman period, which lasted from 27 BC to 180 A.D. and the national strength once reached its peak. After 180 AD, turmoil spread throughout the Roman Empire. Not only did civil war break out, but "barbarians" also invaded from outside. Christianity became more popular after the plague broke out.

4. Plague in Cyprus: 250-271 AD

In Thebes, Egypt, victims of an ancient plague were burned by bonfires. (Image copyright: N Qiyang, ONLUS Egyptian and Sudanese Cultural Research Association)

The Archbishop of Carthage (the city of Tunisia) named Saint Cyprus described the epidemic as "the end of the world" because it killed about 5,000 people in Rome alone. In 2014, archaeologists discovered a large burial place for plague victims in Luxor. The bodies of the victims were covered with a thick layer of lime (used as a disinfectant in history). Archaeologists also found three kiln sites used to make lime, and traces of burning victims with bonfires.

Experts are not sure what disease caused the plague. "A common flu takes away the patient’s body energy after removing the intestinal resistance, and (at the same time) the high fever from the bone marrow leads to a wound in the throat (part of the mouth)", written by Cypriots in a Latin book called Death (Philip Schaff translated from the appendix of The Father of the Third Century: Hippolytos, Cyprus, Caius, Novatian, Christian Classics Library, 1885).

5. Justinian plague: 541-542 AD

Mosaic portraits of Justinian the Great and his supporters. (Image copyright: Shutterstock)

The Byzantine Empire declined under the attack of the Black Death. The plague then occurred intermittently. According to some speculations, more than 10% of the global population died.

The plague was named after the Byzantine monarch Justinian (ruling period: 527-565 AD). Under its rule, the Byzantine Empire reached its peak, controlling a large territory from the Middle East to Western Europe. Justinian ordered the construction of the famous Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) Cathedral in the imperial capital Constanyine (today’s Istanbul). Justinian was also infected with the plague, but survived. However, its empire was constantly losing territory under the attack of the plague.

6. Black Death: 1346-1353 AD

The Chronicle of Nuremberg, Volume I, with illustrations CCLXIIII. Skeletons are rising from the dead and joining the dance of death. (Image copyright: Anton Keberg, 1493/Public Server)

From Asia to Europe, the Black Death brought destruction all the way. Some studies estimate that half of the European population died. The Black Death was caused by an extinct strain of Yersinia pestis, which spread through fleas and infected rats. The bodies of the victims are generally buried together.

This plague profoundly changed the course of European history. Due to the large number of deaths, the labor force plummeted, the wages of workers were raised, and the European serfdom system ended. Research shows that the surviving laborers can get more meat and better quality bread. The shortage of cheap labor may also promote technological innovation.

7. The Great Plague of Coco Rizzitelli: 1545-1548.

Aztec ruins national monument. (Image copyright: USGS US Geological Survey)

The plague in Cocoa Rizzitelli was caused by a combined infection with viral hemorrhage and high fever, which eventually killed 15 million people in Mexico and Central America. As the local population has been hit by extreme drought before, the disease has become particularly deadly. "Coco Rizzitelli" means "pest" in Aztec.

A new study examined the DNA in the remains of the deceased and found that they were infected by a subspecies of Salmonella called Salmonella paratyphi C. This pathogen brings intestinal fever common to common typhoid patients. Intestinal fever causes high fever, dehydration and other gastrointestinal problems, which is a major disease threat even today.

8. American plague: 16th century

Hernan cortese and his army painted by O Graff (1892). After the Spanish invaders captured the Aztec city, they let it suffer from smallpox. (Image copyright: Shutterstock)

Plague in America refers to a series of European pandemics brought to America by European explorers. These epidemics, including smallpox, accelerated the collapse of Inca civilization and Aztec civilization. Some studies estimate that nearly 90% of the indigenous population in the Western Hemisphere died.

To some extent, these epidemics helped the army led by Hernan cortese to conquer Diotihuacan, the capital of Aztec, in 1519, and Francisco Pizarro’s army to capture Inca in 1532. The Spanish thus occupied the territory of the two empires. The Aztec and Inca armies were unable to resist Spanish arms because of the disease. Britain, France, Portugal and the Netherlands, in the process of exploring, raiding and settling in the Western Hemisphere, also benefited from the sudden decline of local resistance caused by the epidemic to some extent.

9. Great Plague in London: 1665-1666

London fire model in 1666. The fire happened just after the city suffered a deadly plague. (Image copyright: Shutterstock)

The last outbreak of the Black Death occurred in Great Britain. It then led to a large-scale migration led by Charles II. The plague began in April 1665 and spread rapidly in the hot summer. Infecting fleas on rats is the main channel for spreading the virus. At the end of the plague, about 1 million people died, including 15% of the population in London. But this is not the end of this ordeal. On September 2, 1666, the fire in London spread and burned a large area of the city for four days.

10. Marseilles plague: 1720-1723

Today, France’s St. Jane’s Castle, Meyer Cathedral and Marseilles Old Port. About 30% of the Marseille population died in a plague that lasted for three years in the 1720s. (Image copyright: Shutterstock)

Historical records show that the great plague in Marseilles originated from a ship named Saint Anthony that docked in the harbor. The ship returned with cargo from the eastern Mediterranean. Although the ship was immediately isolated, the plague still entered the city. The most likely reason is fleas carried by infected rats.

The plague spread rapidly, causing about one million deaths in Marseille and its vicinity in the following three years. It is estimated that 30% of the population of Marseille lost their lives.

11. Russian plague: 1770-1772

Portrait of Catherine II painted by Virgilius Erickson (about 1757-1772). Even Queen Catherine could not lead Russia out of the devastating blow caused by the plague in 1770. (Image copyright: Shutterstock)

In Moscow after the plague, the fear of isolated residents turned into violence. Riots spread in the city, which eventually led to the murder of Archbishop Amplo Theseus, who advised parishioners not to gather for prayer.

Empress Catherine II of Russia (also known as Catherine the Great) desperately needed to control the plague and rebuild social order, so she hastily ordered all factories to move to Moscow. When the plague ended, about one million people died. Although the plague is over, the reconstruction process of the queen is in jeopardy. In 1773, Ye Liewan pugachev claimed to be Peter III (the executed husband of yekaterina) and launched a riot, resulting in thousands of deaths.

12. Philadelphia yellow fever: 1793

George Washington’s second inauguration ceremony, Philadelphia Congress, March 4, 1793. A plague of yellow fever swept through Philadelphia in the first half of 1793. (Image copyright: Shutterstock)

When yellow fever swept through Philadelphia, the capital of the United States at that time, abolitionists advocated African-Americans to take part in caring for the patients because of the official misunderstanding that slaves were immune.

The epidemic is spread by mosquitoes. It was hot and humid in Philadelphia that summer, and the number of mosquitoes soared. The epidemic did not end until the mosquitoes disappeared in the winter of the same year. More than 5,000 people were killed.

13. Global influenza pandemic: 1889-1890

Woodcut depicts Paris during the global influenza in 1889-1890. Nurses are taking care of patients. This global epidemic has killed about one million people. (Image copyright: Shutterstock)

In the era of modern industrialization, new traffic links make it easier for influenza virus to cause large-scale chaos. In just a few months, the disease spread all over the world, killing about one million people. In just five weeks, the death rate of epidemic disease reached its peak.

Case reports first appeared in Russia. Although air travel has not yet appeared, the virus spread rapidly in St. Petersburg and then spread throughout Europe and around the world.

14. American polio pandemic: 1916

Washington D.C., Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial Hall. President Roosevelt was diagnosed with polio in 1921 at the age of 39. By the time Salk vaccine appeared in 1954, the pandemic had killed thousands of people. (Image copyright: Shutterstock)

A polio epidemic that started in new york eventually sickened 27,000 people and killed 6,000 people in the United States. The epidemic mainly affects children, and in some cases, it will lead to lifelong disability of survivors.

Polio occurred from time to time in the United States before Salk vaccine was developed in 1954. After the vaccine was widely vaccinated, the number of cases in the United States declined. The last report of polio in the United States was in 1979. Although it has not been completely eliminated, the effect of vaccine research and development around the world has greatly reduced the occurrence of this disease.

15. Spanish influenza: 1918-1920

Emergency Hospital during Influenza Epidemic, Camp Fenston, Kansas. (Image copyright: Oddis Historical Archives, National Museum of Health and Medicine)

It is estimated that 500 million people from south to NATO have become victims of Spanish flu. One fifth of them were killed, and some indigenous communities were almost extinct. Because the living space of soldiers was constrained during the First World War, ordinary people were malnourished during the war, and this flu was particularly contagious and fatal.

Although it was named Spanish flu, the epidemic did not originate in Spain. Spain was a neutral country during the war, and its press was not strictly censored, so it was free to report the situation in the early stage of the epidemic. As a result, people mistakenly thought that the epidemic mainly occurred in Spain, and the name Spanish flu continued.

16. Asian Influenza: 1957-1958

Chickens are tested for avian influenza. In 1950s, an avian flu killed about one million people. (Image copyright: Shutterstock)

Asian influenza is another global influenza pandemic. The epidemic originated in China and killed more than one million people. What caused the outbreak of the epidemic was an avian influenza virus.

According to CDC records, the disease spread rapidly, and cases appeared in Singapore in February 1957, Hong Kong in April 1957 and coastal cities in the United States in the summer of 1957. There are more than 1.1 million deaths worldwide and 116,000 cases in the United States.

17. Global and regional infectious diseases of AIDS: 1981-present.

AIDS became a global epidemic in 1980s, and then it continued to spread in some parts of the world. (Photo copyright: Mario Suriani/joint report, new york Historical Society)

Since the first confirmed case, AIDS has killed 35 million people around the world. It is very likely that the HIV virus that caused AIDS first spread among chimpanzees and spread to humans in West Africa in the 1920s. The virus spread all over the world, and AIDS developed into a global infectious disease at the end of the 20th century. Today, about 64% of the 40 million people in sub-Saharan Africa carry human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

For decades, there has been no treatment for this disease. However, drugs developed in the 1990s can enable patients to live a normal life with regular treatment. Even more exciting, two HIV patients were cured in early 2020.

18. Global pandemic of H1N1 swine flu: 2009-2010

On April 30, 2019, at the Sartre Delta Medical Center in Antioch, California, a nurse passed a diversion tent built outside the emergency room. The hospital is preparing for the arrival of a large number of swine flu patients. (Image copyright: Justin Sullivan, Getty Images)

The outbreak of swine flu in 2009 originated from a new H1N1 strain that appeared in Mexico in the spring of 2009. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, within one year, the virus infected about 1.4 billion people around the world, killing 151,700 to 575,400 people.

According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the influenza pandemic in 2009 mainly targeted at children and young people, and about 80% of the dead people were under 65 years old. This is unusual because the mortality rate of most strains of influenza virus, including seasonal influenza, is mainly aimed at people over 65 years old. In the case of swine flu, the elderly may have developed enough immunity to the virus group to which H1N1 belongs, so they have not received too much influence. The vaccine against the H1N1 virus that causes swine flu has now been included in the annual influenza vaccine.

19. Ebola epidemic in West Africa: 2014-2016

During the Ebola outbreak in 2014, medical workers wore protective clothing before entering the Ebola treatment site in Liberia. (Image copyright: CDC/Sally ezra/Antalya Christie (Public Service))

The Ebola virus ravaged West Africa between 2014 and 2016, resulting in a total of 28,600 reported cases, of which 11,325 were killed. The earliest case was reported in Guinea in December 2013, and then the epidemic spread rapidly to Liberia and Sierra Leone. Cases and deaths mainly occurred in the above three countries. According to the report of the CDC, a few cases occurred in Nigeria, Mali, Senegal, the United States and Europe.

Even though efforts to develop vaccines continue, Ebola has not been effectively treated so far. The earliest known Ebola virus appeared in Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo in 1976, and the virus may have originated from bats.

20. Zika virus epidemic: 2015 to present

Workers spray mosquitoes carrying Chika virus with pesticides. Chika virus is most common in tropical areas. (Image copyright: Shutterstock)

The impact of the recent Chika virus epidemic in South America and Central America is unknown. Meanwhile, scientists are racing against time to control the virus. Chika virus is generally transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, but it can also be transmitted among humans through sexual intercourse.

Although Chika virus is generally harmless to adults and children, it can attack babies who are still in the womb and cause birth defects. Mosquito species carrying Chika virus are most likely to multiply in warm and humid climate, so South America, Central America and the southern United States have become the main areas for virus transmission.

Source: livescience

Translation: IICC-X Zhao Jinchao

Original title: "Understanding History: 20 Most Serious Diseases and Global Pandemic"

Read the original text

CCTV News:Everyone is familiar with sanitation workers. They are unknown devotees, guarding the beauty of the city in their ordinary posts. Recently, a sanitation worker caught fire in Shenyang, Liaoning Province. Because of his special shape, he was called "the most handsome" sanitation uncle by netizens.

Just before dawn, 63-year-old sanitation worker Yang Junshan came to the Palace Museum in Shenyang, Liaoning Province for cleaning. With an enviable flowing long hair, a silver-gray beard of the same color and big sunglasses, Yang Junshan shouldered a broom and walked outside the palace wall. Against the backdrop of the Shenyang Forbidden City with upturned eaves and yellow tiles, he thought he had strayed into the shooting set of an outdoor fashion blockbuster. Not long ago, netizens posted a video of Yang Junshan’s cleaning and sanitation on the Internet, which was all over the network for a time. Some netizens said that a good attitude is the focus everywhere; Others say that "this mentality is as fashionable as hairstyle", which is really a hidden "sweeping monk".

Yang Junshan:Some people say that you don’t look like a sanitation worker. I said, what is the image of the sanitation worker? He said that you are not an artist in this shape. What kind of artist am I talking about? I just sweep the floor. Working has nothing to do with dressing up.

Yang Junshan said that when he was a child, his family was in a bad condition. At the age of 20, he learned a carpenter’s craft with his father. Since then, he has traveled all over the country to seek a living. Since then, he has liked to grow a beard and long hair.

Yang Junshan:No matter what others think, people can live their own lives and your own character. This is called living method.

A few years ago, Yang Junshan, who had been wandering outside for half his life, wanted to go home. After all, nothing was as good as home. He returned to Shenyang, which is his home. Naturally, his home will be clean and bright, so he didn’t want to be idle, so he applied to be a sanitation worker.

Yang Junshan:I am very pleased to see the changes in my hometown of Shenyang. People are also very close and enthusiastic, and really feel a feeling of home. As I grow older, I feel I should do something for my hometown, and finally I choose to do sanitation to make my hometown environment better and more beautiful, which is my reward and wish for my hometown.

The heart is in an art, and its art must work; If you have your heart in one position, you must do your duty. Nowadays, Yang Junshan enjoys working early every day, and has the right to exercise. He also likes sanitation more and more, and he is gradually accepted and loved by everyone.

Surrounding businesses:We came to work in the morning, and before we opened the door, my uncle swept this area with a broom. We didn’t have time to clear the door when there was snow or something, so my uncle cleared it for us. Great.

　　　　　　 Yang Junshan:The sanitation industry is a great industry, and it is impossible for any city to be beautiful and clean without the vast number of sanitation workers working in the dark and getting up early. During this time, some people paid attention to me and said that I was the most handsome sanitation grandfather. I said that it was not me who was handsome, but our vast number of sanitation workers. They were the most handsome, and they were the business cards of a city.

Yang Junshan, a sanitation worker with silver hair, not only handsome the elegant hairstyle art, but also handsome the transparent and open-minded life art to a new height.

These days, Aunt Tsinghua, who plays the piano piece "My China Heart", and Uncle Nanchang Normal College, who plays My People，My Country’s violin solo, have all screened. In the new era, such people have appeared in every position, breaking the inherent label and realizing a diversified lifestyle. Dreams, regardless of age, wish them to continue to live themselves and bloom to their fullest.

In 2023, when the epidemic haze gradually dispersed, the consumer market ushered in a long-lost fireworks atmosphere, and "recovery and recovery" became the most frequently mentioned keyword in 2023. However, the uncertainty in people’s minds has not been completely eliminated, and the low consumer confidence index and the headwind are the status quo in many consumer fields.

So, what is the development of the e-commerce market in 2023? What growth opportunities are hidden in each category? Where is the future layout direction? We reviewed the performance of e-commerce market and popular categories in 2023, analyzed the development status and potential of various types of e-commerce, looked for high growth points and consumption trends of various sub-categories, and made some discoveries worth mentioning.

Summary of provincial version:

1. Macro-economic review: China’s economy showed a positive recovery trend, and the year-on-year GDP growth rate in the first three quarters exceeded the annual target.Consumption becomes the biggest driving force of economic growthOnline and offline consumption has regained its vitality.

2. Overview of e-commerce platform: the layout and strategy of e-commerce platform have been greatly adjusted, and the homogenization is obvious.Actively broaden business boundaries and find incremental markets.

3. Review of popular categories: categories have different growth points in different price bands.Consumer demand is in dynamic change.. Facial skin care, hair care, health, maternal and child, pet products, small household appliances, household cleaning and other categories all increased positively year-on-year, and the average price rose.Consumers pay more attention to the total value of goods.. The proportion of channel in Tik Tok increased,Consumers are gradually increasing their big spending in Tik Tok.

4. Prospect of consumption trends:Consumers are more self-centered and attach importance to instant experience., not simply pursuing the ultimate low price, but improving the quality of life while maintaining the cost performance, alleviating and curing the current pressure.

Macro-economic Review: Online and offline consumption regains vitality.

China’s economy showed a positive recovery trend in the first three quarters of 2023. Compared with the economic growth target set by the government (5%), the year-on-year growth rate of GDP exceeded expectations. It is worth noting that the contribution rate of final consumption expenditure to economic growth has greatly increased year-on-year, which has become the biggest driving force of economic growth and provided strong support for sustainable development.

According to the social zero data, due to the impact of the epidemic in 2022, non-essential optional consumer goods generally declined, and essential consumer goods such as grain, oil and food grew rapidly, among which drugs had the highest growth rate; In 2023, with the release of demand, all consumer goods above designated size resumed positive growth.

The per capita disposable income of the national residents is also growing steadily, and their consumption power is gradually increasing. In 2023,People’s consumption expenditure shows a positive growth trend in all categories year-on-yearIn particular, the growth rate of developmental enjoyment consumption is very bright.The vitality of the consumer market is gradually being released.. This has brought new opportunities and challenges to various industries, and merchants can more actively meet and meet the diversified needs of consumers.

In the past year, online retailing has played an important role in zero social growth. As of November, the year-on-year growth rate of online retail was higher than the zero growth rate of social services, reaching 7.2%. In particular, online sales of food, clothing and daily necessities grew faster, exceeding the zero growth rate of the society. This shows that the potential of online consumption is increasingly prominent, and online retail is playing an increasingly important role in promoting the development of the overall retail industry.

Review of e-commerce market: the homogeneity of e-commerce platform layout is obvious

China’s retail market plays an important role in the world, not only ranking second in market share, but also showing a strong momentum in compound growth rate, second only to India.

The mainstream e-commerce has developed steadily, and traditional e-commerce platforms such as Tmall and JD.COM have maintained a steady development momentum. Pinduoduo started from the sinking market, and its market value once surpassed Ali, and the low-price strategy runs through.

Interest e-commerce has grown rapidly.As consumers spend more and more time on social media platforms such as Tik Tok, Aauto Quicker, WeChat and Xiaohongshu, major social media platforms have gradually strengthened the construction of e-commerce functions, providing users with personalized recommendation and social sharing shopping experience, leading the new wave of content e-commerce.

Instant retailing is another new growth engine.It combines the advantages of online shopping and offline physical stores, and meets the needs of consumers for convenient and fast shopping by means of rapid delivery and instant delivery. Platforms such as Meituan, Hungry, and JD.COM Home provide efficient instant retail services by establishing a strong logistics network and cooperating with merchants, which are favored by consumers.

Various forms of e-commerce provide consumers with more choices and convenience. The diversified development trend of e-commerce industry will continue to promote market competition, create a new consumption ecology, and further meet the diversified needs of consumers.

Driven by the current consumption boom, e-commerce platforms actively respond to market demand, introduce advanced technologies and innovative business models, adjust strategic layout in time, and continuously improve service quality, resulting in six major trends.

1. Platform height involution:Flat sales promote modernization and daily life. Through various measures such as official direct drop, 10 billion subsidies, support for small and medium-sized sellers, and traffic support, the platform has been involved in all aspects of price, content, service and logistics to improve its competitiveness.

2. Flow decentralization:The influence of super-head anchors has weakened, and e-commerce traffic has entered the era of decentralization. Traffic is distributed to middle waist and long tail anchors. Platform marketing, brand store broadcasting, and the rise of vertical talents.

3. Integrated development of the whole region:The content field and shelf field are integrated and developed. Shelf e-commerce vigorously develops the quantity and quality of short videos, pictures and texts in the ecology, and provides traffic inclination and independent entrance; Content e-commerce began to build shopping malls and optimize search.

4. The ecological break through:Different ecological circles continue to improve the closed-loop full link within their respective systems, and at the same time, they also begin to exchange needed goods. From the giants cutting land for kings, shielding each other from external chains to breaking down barriers to open up the ecology, tearing down walls brings greater opportunities and turning points.

5.AI empowers and improves efficiency:The advent of ChatGPT has accelerated the pace of the layout of AI on various platforms. From the research of large language model to the empowerment and efficiency operation of AIGC, AI has penetrated the industrial chain of e-commerce in all directions.

6. Plus local life:Online traffic growth has peaked, and under the consumer regression line, "eat, drink and be merry" that just needs high frequency has become a battleground for major e-commerce platforms. From the next day to 30 minutes, from group buying live broadcast to take-away live broadcast, the traffic era has ushered in a new way of playing local life.

In the integrated e-commerce platform, Alibaba Group has improved the strategic position of Taobao Tmall through structural split reform, and its strategic upgrade has achieved remarkable results, attaching importance to price power, strengthening content, emphasizing the value of merchants and users, and developing in the direction of AI-driven.

JD.COM is under pressure in the retail business, but its logistics service revenue is growing remarkably year-on-year. JD.COM also takes low price as its core strategy, and attaches importance to the operation of merchants and users.

During their stay in double 11, Taobao Tmall and JD.COM competed for the lowest price mentality, and continued to promote GMV. The scale of users, businesses and orders became new indicators of concern.In order to support businesses, the support and incentives provided by double 11 have been continuously enhanced. However, the popularity of social media in double 11 continues to decline, and consumers are more rational about the promotion activities. The trend of "leveling sales and promoting daily life" is becoming increasingly prominent.

Counting other e-commerce platforms also has a good development in 2023.

In content e-commerce, each major platform expands outward with the advantage of its own platform:

1. Tik Tok e-commerce:E-commerce in the whole region has developed rapidly. In 23 years, we have focused on building shelf e-commerce. The growth rate of GMV in Tik Tok Mall is higher than that of e-commerce as a whole, and it is gradually testing water for self-operation. Price concessions are the main tone and continue to attract consumers to form shopping habits in Tik Tok.

2. Pinduoduo:The scale of revenue continues to expand, and the sales expenditure continues to increase year-on-year, mainly due to the increase in consumer subsidies and the overseas expansion of TEMU; A solid mind of low price is still Pinduoduo’s killer.

3. Aauto Quicker e-commerce:Trust the market, the e-commerce dividend is obvious, pay attention to the healthy growth of merchants and talents, and build a global marketing scene of content+e-commerce.

4. Xiaohongshu E-commerce:Give full play to the advantages of planting grass in the content community, and promote the transaction transformation by taking notes with goods; E-commerce strategy turned to service talents and brands, plus live broadcast scenes, and built buyers’ eco-e-commerce.

5. Video number e-commerce:At present, the scale is small, still in its infancy, and the e-commerce scene is being improved; However, the huge monthly activity of WeChat and the rich content ecology of video numbers are the potential and dividends for developing e-commerce.

In the instant retail platform, major platforms actively provide various shopping modes to attract consumers to try new products:

1. Meituan:Strengthen content, launch short video function, explore diversified live broadcast forms, and build a pan-entertainment ecosystem. Increase the scale of flash purchase, expand the group purchase and distribution business, and optimize the user purchase experience.

2. Hungry:Merging with Gaode, we will open up the delivery route of Tik Tok live broadcast room, expand the contacts of commercial consumers, and continue to invest in instant e-commerce strategy.

3. When JD.COM gets home:Restart the front warehouse business, online convenience stores and community group buying business.

Tik Tok: Covering multiple cities and stores, strengthening the distribution capacity of local life service providers, and launching the Tik Tok supermarket and the independent entrance of Hours.

The live e-commerce platform is growing at a high speed, the integrated e-commerce platform increases the input of content, and the content e-commerce platform is differentiated according to the characteristics of customer groups:

1. Taobao Live:Mainly rely on the live broadcast of talent, rely heavily on the super-head anchor, and support the high-quality content anchor.

2. JD.COM Live:Create a self-operated live broadcast mode, the anchor is JD.COM Caixiao, and the main theme is "No pit fees, no commission for talents, it is cheaper".

3. Tik Tok Live:The live broadcast mode is mature, the segmentation rules are constantly improved, and the market is sunk with low prices.

4. Little Red Book Live:Rely on high-quality content and professional buyers to attract consumers who are willing to pay a premium for high quality.

Review of popular categories: consumers pay more attention to the total value of goods.

Different categories have different growth points in price, and there are contradictions in consumption patterns, but the root cause is the real psychological needs of consumers: consumers are willing to pay for some premium attributes, creating a small fortunate scene, resulting in consumption upgrading; With the upgrading of technology, high-end consumer goods are disenchanted, and consumers are also willing to accept the emergence of substitution, resulting in consumption degradation.

Consumer demand is in a dynamic change, and consumers pay more attention to the total value of goods, and the practical value and emotional value go hand in hand.

Through the rightFacial skin care, hair care, health, mother and baby, pet products, small household appliances, household cleaning, etc.By analyzing the categories, we find that most categories are growing again, the average price is rising, and the channels in Tik Tok are growing rapidly.

Among facial skin care products, the proportion of channels in Tik Tok jumped to the first place, and consumers increased their large consumption in Tik Tok. Travel clothes/experience clothes continue to grow at a high speed, which shows consumers’ prudent consumption attitude and also shows the continuation of short-term travel fever.

In the category of hair care, Tmall and Tik Tok account for a similar proportion of sales, and the average price is mostly declining. The replacement pens/hairline powder, dry cleaning spray/bitter fleabane powder are growing rapidly, and the demand for exquisite life is attracting attention.

Among the health products, the main channels are Tmall and JD.COM, and the average price of most head products has increased. The proportion of equipment products in Tmall and JD.COM is relatively large, and the head products in Tik Tok are all taken orally, so the demand for body building and influenza drugs continues.

Among the maternal and child categories, the main channels are Tmall and JD.COM, and the average price of most head categories has increased. Sub-categories have developed rapidly, and the requirements of functions and scenes are superimposed to create a new track.

Among pet products, Tmall’s sales in JD.COM account for 80%, but the sales in Tik Tok are higher than those in JD.COM. Under the price competition of various platforms, the average price reduction is a general trend. Most categories maintain positive growth, among which the sales scale of cat food is much higher than that of dog food, and the potential of pet medical care is worthy of attention.

In the category of small household appliances, Tmall and JD.COM are the main sales channels. The head categories of all platforms converge, the price power of Tmall and JD.COM has achieved initial results, and the large-scale consumption of Tik Tok has improved. Household environmental cleaning appliances, water purification/drinking water appliances, drinks/desserts appliances have become star categories, and consumers’ demand for subdivided scene appliances is growing.

In the clothing care category, the sales volume of Tmall is similar to that of Tik Tok, but the sales volume of Tik Tok ranks first. Subcategories have developed rapidly, and the demand for sterilization and deodorization has temporarily dropped.

Among the related categories of paper products, Tmall and Tik Tok are the main sales platforms. Wet toilet paper, washcloth and other categories are worthy of attention, and the demand for paper related to kitchen and bathroom is paid attention to.

04 2024 Consumer Trend: Consumers are self-centered and attach importance to instant experience.

Consumers are more self-centered, attach importance to instant experience, pursue cost performance, and at the same time improve the quality of life, alleviate and cure the current pressure.

Give priority to me: self-demand becomes the first driving force of consumption. Pursue consumption with coexistence of quality and cost performance; Adhering to the concept of self-satisfaction, we are moving towards the "dopamine" model, which focuses on satisfying emotional values. Good looks, personality trends and social attributes are the main purchase motives.

Wan Li Road: "Outdoor Plus" continues to heat up. Travel is no longer restricted, the explosive demand has driven the development of outdoor economy, the tourism fever remains high, the outdoor sports market is growing at a high speed, and entertainment outdoor activities such as concerts and music festivals are also welcoming recovery.

People and pets coexist: pets are anthropomorphic and consumption is fully upgraded. The number of pets is growing rapidly, and the consumption behavior around pets’ food, clothing, housing and transportation is gradually "anthropomorphic". The emotional value promotes the consumption will to be refined, customized and intelligent.

Proper health care: health management becomes a common topic. Infectious viruses such as COVID-19, A-stream and Mycoplasma are repeated. From panic medicine hoarding to orderly health management, health care has become the focus of people’s daily attention, and TCM health care continues to be hot.

The national tide is retro: the attention of domestic products returns to C. The once-silent national consumption field ushered in recovery, increased attention, a strong rise in sales performance, a new Chinese style with new elements, and the arrival of old brands in spring.

Interaction between reality and reality: the first year of AI started, and digital technology penetrated into life. The rise of ChatGPT announced that AI ushered in a new yuan and began to enter the homes of ordinary people. AI fitting, intelligent question and answer, digital anchor, virtual idol and AI content generation all ushered in a spurt of growth.

Since the reform and opening up, China’s economy has grown rapidly, and people’s living consumption level has greatly improved. With the change of development stage, people’s yearning for a better life is stronger, and the demand for upgrading the stock of consumer goods is constantly improving. Promoting the trade-in of consumer goods and releasing potential consumption is conducive to the formation of a higher level of dynamic balance between demand and supply, and supply creates demand. In March, 2024, the State Council issued the Action Plan for Promoting Large-scale Equipment Renewal and Trade-in of Consumer Goods, proposing the implementation of trade-in of consumer goods.

Consumption of durable goods has shifted from incremental expansion to stock optimization.

What trade-in actions did the consumer goods market experience in the past? What is the development situation and effect?

Chen Lifen (Researcher, Institute of Market Economy, the State Council Development Research Center):The nationwide trade-in policy for consumer goods is not the first time. In order to cope with the international financial crisis in 2008 and expand consumer demand, from 2009 to 2011, China implemented a vigorous trade-in policy for household appliances and automobiles.

In 2009, the Implementation Plan for Promoting the Expansion of Domestic Demand and Encouraging the Trade-in of Automobile and Household Appliances proposed that nine provinces and cities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Guangdong, Fuzhou and Changsha, should be selected to carry out the trade-in of household appliances. Since June 1, 2010, the policy of replacing old household appliances with new ones has been gradually extended to the whole country in combination with the dismantling and handling capacity of old household appliances in various regions. From this round of trade-in policy, it is mainly to stimulate the elimination and renewal potential of durable consumer goods such as household appliances and automobiles through replacement subsidies, further expand domestic demand, especially consumer demand, promote energy conservation and emission reduction, develop circular economy, and stabilize and expand employment. On the one hand, the central finance and the pilot provincial and municipal finance work together to share the subsidy funds. In terms of household appliances, the central finance and provincial finance bear 80% and 20% respectively. For automobiles, subsidies will be given to those who scrap "yellow-label vehicles" in advance and buy new ones. Local authorities can adjust the subsidy standards according to the models, years and urban management of "yellow-label vehicles". On the other hand, establish an effective incentive mechanism to stimulate consumption potential and benefit enterprises and the people. Subsidies will be given to consumers who sell five types of old household appliances, such as televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, computers and air conditioners, and buy new ones. The subsidies for buying old ones will not exceed 10% of the sales price of household appliances, and the transportation expenses will be subsidized for the old ones that are within the scope of recycling subsidies and sent to dismantling and processing enterprises.

The trade-in policy has achieved good results, and the pilot provinces and cities have initially established an integrated network system for home appliance sales, recycling and dismantling, which has obvious economic, social and resource benefits.

The first is to effectively stimulate consumption. In the 21st century, the growth rate of per capita disposable income of residents has been accelerated, the consumption power has been significantly improved, and the consumption demand of durable goods has increased. The trade-in policy has played a good "catalytic" role in stimulating the consumption growth of durable goods. Automobile-related policies continued until the end of 2010, and about 460,000 vehicles were subsidized for car trade-in, which boosted the consumption of new cars by 49.6 billion yuan. The policies related to household appliances continued until the end of 2011, and 92.48 million new household appliances in five categories were sold, which boosted direct consumption by more than 342 billion yuan, effectively releasing the consumption potential of urban residents.

The second is to promote the production and marketing of durable consumer goods and promote industrial development. In terms of home appliances, in 2011, the trade-in sales of home appliances exceeded 110 billion yuan, accounting for about 1/5 of the total sales of home appliances that year. With the policy of home appliances going to the countryside, the number of home appliances in rural areas has greatly increased. In 2012, the number of refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines and color TVs per 100 rural households increased by 41.2, 16.8, 21.3 and 22.5 respectively compared with 2007. In terms of automobiles, since China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, the automobile industry has been steadily opening to the outside world, while private automobile enterprises have accelerated their development. In addition, residents’ income has increased substantially, and private automobile consumption has flourished. At present, some cars have reached the replacement period, there are more products to choose from in the market, and the demand for changing cars among residents has increased. In 2009, China’s automobile production and sales exceeded 10 million vehicles. According to statistics, in 2010, the number of subsidized cars was the highest, accounting for 46.4%.

The third is to promote energy conservation and emission reduction and develop circular economy. With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, it is urgent to change the extensive growth mode. In 2005, "Several Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating the Development of Circular Economy" was issued, proposing "to realize the unification of economic, environmental and social benefits and build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society". Thanks to the promotion of the trade-in policy, the energy efficiency of automobiles and household appliances has been significantly improved. The fuel consumption of old automobiles is 5% to 10% higher than that of new ones, and the power consumption of old household appliances is 20% to 30% higher than that of new ones.

The fourth is to stabilize and expand employment. Household appliances, automobiles and other durable consumer goods have a long industrial chain, and the trade-in policy not only promotes the development of retail industry, but also promotes the development of logistics, after-sales service, recycling and dismantling industries, which are labor-intensive industries and have strong ability to absorb employment. It is estimated that there are more than 400,000 employees who serve the trade-in of household appliances. This round of trade-in of consumer goods has effectively expanded the scale of employment.

In the new round of trade-in of consumer goods, the replacement of durable goods is still the focus of stimulating consumption potential, but different from the last round, the growth of residents’ durable goods consumption is mainly reflected in structural changes, driven by incremental expansion and more driven by stock optimization. By the end of 2023, the number of automobiles in China was 336 million, and the number of refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners and other major categories of household appliances exceeded 3 billion. There is great demand and potential for upgrading automobiles and household appliances. It is worth noting that from the situation and effect of the last round of trade-in, there are still some problems in recycling and dismantling, such as the recycling enterprises can not obtain invoices for tax deduction, the coverage of dismantling enterprises is small, and some household appliances are recycled by small vendors and then flow into the second-hand market. At present, the recycling system of household appliances, automobiles and other durable goods in China is not perfect, there are few qualified recycling enterprises, many decentralized self-employed households and a lack of professional and technical personnel, and the proportion of waste household appliances recycled through formal channels is not high. Therefore, it is very important to build a closed loop of "replacement+recycling" and improve the recycling system. The new round of trade-in of consumer goods may bring about the centralized release of demand. It is suggested to benchmark the international advanced level, give play to the leading role of standards such as energy saving, low carbon, health and safety, promote the development of industrial upgrading and consumption upgrading in the same direction, guide the updated consumption and echelon consumption in an orderly manner, and release the consumption potential continuously and stably.

Grasp the key links and make precise efforts.

Why launch a new round of consumer goods trade-in? What is the market demand and development potential of consumer goods in China?

Wei Qijia (Director and Researcher, Industrial Economics Research Office, Economic Forecasting Department, National Information Center):Looking at the trade-in of consumer goods should not be limited to the consumer goods themselves, but should be understood from the perspective of economic cycle. Carrying out a new round of trade-in of consumer goods accurately and orderly is an important measure to expand effective demand and smooth the cycle of supply and demand. The implementation of this policy is conducive to the formation of a virtuous circle of mutual promotion of consumption and investment, and the realization of benefiting enterprises and the people.

It is timely to promote a new round of trade-in of consumer goods. After the smooth transition of epidemic prevention and control, consumption recovery needs a process, and it can get twice the result with half the effort to really boost consumption from the needs of thousands of households. The data shows that by the end of 2023, the number of cars in China reached 336 million, and the number of household appliances in major categories such as refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners exceeded 3 billion. According to this volume estimate, the upgrading of automobiles and household appliances is expected to create a market space of one trillion yuan. In terms of related consumption potential and growth rate, in the first quarter of this year, the retail sales of consumer goods such as household appliances and audio-visual equipment were 205.3 billion yuan, up 5.8% year-on-year, the retail sales of sports and entertainment products were 30.7 billion yuan, up 14.2% year-on-year, and the retail sales of automobiles were 1,116.3 billion yuan, up 3.8% year-on-year. From the perspective of absolute quantity and growth rate, these consumer goods have a large market space. If the policy can play a better role, it will be able to release huge demand and play a more significant role in supporting and promoting economic growth. From a broader perspective, as the economy stabilizes and rebounds, the consumption growth potential will be further released. At present, accelerating the trade-in of consumer goods will help stimulate consumption potential. The data shows that the total retail sales of consumer goods in the first quarter of this year exceeded 12 trillion yuan, up 4.7% year-on-year, and there is still room for improvement. The recovery of consumption is a slow variable, but the trend of accelerating recovery is emerging.

The new round of trade-in of consumer goods focuses on the fields of automobiles, household appliances, home improvement, kitchen and bathroom, which is closely related to the development stage of China’s economy. The data shows that the urbanization rate of permanent residents is 66.2% in 2023, but the urbanization rate of registered population is less than 50%. The urbanization process is progressing steadily, and the consumer market still has great potential. At the present stage, consumers’ demand for automobiles, home appliances and home improvement kitchens and bathrooms has a large room for growth. Promoting trade-in in these areas can boost consumption and help improve the consumption environment. From the perspective of industrial development, on the one hand, it provides a driving force for the convergence of production and demand, keeping inventory and sales in a dynamic balance, on the other hand, it is conducive to broadening the sales channels of energy-saving products and further enhancing their market share. Recycling is an important focus of industrial green development. Trade-in of consumer goods will innovate and enrich application scenarios and promote high-quality economic development.

Promoting a new round of trade-in of consumer goods is a systematic project, which requires precise efforts in policy and a good grasp of the three key links of "standard clearance", "capital clearance" and "operation clearance".

"Standard Pass" emphasizes the leading role of highlighting standards. Reasonable standards can promote the healthy development of the industry and promote the improvement of product quality, while backward standards are not conducive to product upgrading. For consumer goods, standards are very important. Taking the automobile industry as an example, the mandatory scrapping standards for motor vehicles and the vehicle safety and environmental protection inspection standards are directly related to the cycle of automobile product upgrading, involving equipment safety issues, and need to form a long-term mechanism conducive to the implementation of standards. Taking home appliances as an example, energy consumption standards affect the product system construction of the whole industry. Only when the relevant standards are dynamically updated can the preferential policies related to the buyer play an effective role. In addition to "hard standards", "soft standards" are also indispensable. For example, the definition of recycling valuation needs a frame of reference, a reference object, and a clear calculation process and standards, so as to promote the smooth operation of all aspects of trade-in.

"Capital Pass" emphasizes the optimization of various financial support methods. Financial support is not "flood irrigation", it is not for the sake of support, and it must be accurate and effective. For the trade-in of consumer goods to be supported, it is necessary to comprehensively calculate the amount and proportion of financial support from various information resources and set a reasonable range. For example, the insurance premium rate of new energy vehicles and the down payment ratio of automobile consumption loans all have the problem of optimizing the ratio and effect. Setting a suitable ratio is conducive to the healthy development of the industry. At the same time, we should define the source of funds. Some need financial support, but it doesn’t mean that financial funds can do everything. It is suggested to guide producers to make a balanced calculation according to sales quantity, pricing and profit, and promote trade-in by flexibly adjusting prices.

"Operation Pass" emphasizes the cooperation of the whole chain, such as dismantling and recycling, construction of the main body of operation and after-sales service. From the perspective of policy promotion and implementation, the above link is the "last mile" and will promote the full release of policy dividends. The whole chain link involved in trade-in has a complete and relatively independent internal system, so how to achieve connectivity, penetration, specialization and standardization of the operating subject is very important. It is suggested that by cultivating specialized enterprises, the closed-loop circulation of second-hand goods can be realized, the integration of resources in the whole chain can be promoted, and the after-sales service level can be brought into the big network of trade-in, which will form a strong traction for the accurate and orderly development of trade-in business.

Multi-measures to stimulate consumption vitality and achieve remarkable results

What measures have been taken by various localities to support trade-in? What are the bottlenecks to form the scale effect of upgrading?

Yi Shaohua (Director and Researcher, national academy of economic strategy Market Circulation and Consumption Research Office):With the steady improvement of China’s economic development level and the increasing consumption power of residents, higher requirements are put forward for the quality of consumer goods, and the focus of consumption has changed from survival to development. In the field of physical commodity consumption, some consumer goods markets, represented by automobiles and household appliances, have entered the stage of paying equal attention to stock and increment from the incremental stage. By exchanging the old for the new, it can not only stimulate potential consumption, but also better meet the people’s needs for a better life and form a virtuous circle of mutual promotion of consumption and investment.

At present, the trade-in of consumer goods mainly includes durable consumer goods, bulk consumer goods, such as household appliances, electronic products, automobiles, etc., and joint promotion activities are carried out through government support and profit-making by enterprises. Encouraged by policies, various localities have stimulated consumption vitality and facilitated consumer groups in various ways, and achieved positive results.

Jiangbei New District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, combined with Nanjing International Consumer Festival (Spring) activities, with the theme of "revitalizing the new season", distributed a total of 10 million yuan of automobile consumption subsidies. The Municipal Bureau of Commerce cooperated with two leading enterprises, Suning.cn and JD.COM, to carry out home appliance trade-in activities. JD.COM Wuxing Electric Co., Ltd., in conjunction with the head brand of household appliances, will increase subsidies for trade-in for air conditioners, color TVs, cooking stoves, digital mobile phones and other categories, with a maximum subsidy of 4,000 yuan for a single unit; Suning.cn provides free door-to-door, disassembly, handling and other services, making it more convenient for consumers to replace their home appliances.

The Department of Commerce of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region arranged 16 million yuan to carry out the subsidy activity of replacing old household appliances with new ones. By means of government subsidies, business concessions and platform support, the channel of industry cooperation was opened through the renovation of second-hand houses and old residential quarters, and the home improvement business was catalyzed by home appliance resources, thus promoting the upgrading of home appliances. Take Liuzhou as an example, the city provides diversified supplies and services according to the differentiated needs of consumers, providing consumers with one-stop transformation services of personalized design, garbage removal and preferential replacement, which directly promotes the release of household appliances consumption demand.

Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, through the joint subsidy of home appliance sales enterprises and manufacturers, increased the intensity of trade-in. At the same time, it organized home appliance distribution enterprises to join community streets to carry out trade-in public welfare activities, and provided services such as free cleaning and free testing of home appliances for special people. Hainan Province subsidizes the scrapping and replacement of old cars and the purchase of green household appliances, organizes household appliance enterprises in the province to carry out trade-in activities, encourages tax-free enterprises to give preferential benefits, and forms a multi-party linkage promotion trend. In terms of home improvement and kitchen renovation, Hunan Province has carried out activities such as home rejuvenation season, home improvement consumption festival and home consumption festival, and built 100 green, intelligent and aging-suitable model rooms in the province, taking the model rooms as a demonstration to lead the home improvement and renovation activities, so that consumers can feel the charm of smart life on the spot.

Of course, there are still some bottlenecks that need to be broken.

First, the innovation of financial instruments is insufficient, and the profit margin of enterprises is limited. Trade-in of consumer goods involves a wide range, showing the characteristics of long cycle and large span. It is difficult to achieve it by the enterprise itself. It needs to be supported by fiscal and taxation policies and financial instrument innovation to ease the financial pressure of enterprises and release policy dividends. At present, some financial institutions have made useful explorations in this regard. For example, Fujian Branch of China Construction Bank launched the "five new" measures to update financial support equipment and trade-in consumer goods from the aspects of support equipment, product innovation, consumption scenarios, preferential activities and policy guidance, which effectively improved the quality and efficiency of financial services, helped expand domestic demand and promoted consumption.

Second, it is necessary to find the right entry point to stimulate consumers to change their motivation. Although residents have a demand for upgrading consumer goods, there are many influencing factors. Durable consumer goods such as household appliances are large-sized goods, and the price of a single product is high. Most consumers rarely change their products when they can use them. Even if there are some price concessions, most people are difficult to put them into action. At present, the recycling price of old household appliances, old furniture and other items is low, which is far from consumers’ psychological expectations, and has also become one of the factors affecting trade-in. It is still a challenge to push consumers to turn potential demand into real demand and make them willing to change and actively change.

Third, the recycling system of used household appliances needs to be improved. In the process of releasing the demand for the replacement of household appliances, the recycling of waste household appliances is facing difficulties. Some household appliances and furniture manufacturers give up recycling related products because of the high recycling cost. At the same time, factors such as the lack of storage space for waste goods and the difficulty of recycling vehicles entering the city have also restricted the expansion of the market scale of household appliances and furniture. It is suggested to build a regional transfer station for waste household appliances in a suitable place, collect waste household appliances and furniture at home through platforms, merchants and third-party resources, and transport them to the dismantling site. At the same time, home appliance manufacturers are encouraged to build a recycling system of "recycling-dismantling-regeneration-remanufacturing" to achieve green and low-carbon development.

Let the recycling of old goods be efficient and smooth

How to realize efficient recycling of old goods with new ones?

Peng Bo (researcher, Institute of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, Ministry of Commerce):In March 2024, the State Council issued the Action Plan for Promoting Large-scale Equipment Renewal and Trade-in of Consumer Goods (hereinafter referred to as the Action Plan). According to the Action Plan, the replaced consumer goods can be recycled efficiently through the circulation of second-hand goods, remanufacturing, step-by-step utilization and recycling.

The Action Plan proposes to support the circulation of second-hand commodities. The complete automobile market includes new car and used car market, and the trading volume of used cars in major developed countries exceeds that of new cars. By the end of 2023, China’s car ownership reached 336 million, with 34.8 million newly registered motor vehicles, and the cumulative transaction volume of used cars nationwide was 18.4133 million, up 14.88% year-on-year. In terms of export, the export volume of used cars in China exceeded 100,000 vehicles in 2023, accounting for only 2% of the total export scale of 4.91 million vehicles. Most of them are parallel export vehicles, and the used car market has broad development potential.

The market potential of second-hand electronic products is huge. Apple once launched the iPhone trade-in business in the United States. Consumers can exchange old iPhones for certain points in the Apple Store and offset them when buying a new generation of mobile phones. In recent years, China’s mobile phone and home appliance market is developing with each passing day, product updating iteration is fast, and consumer demand is growing rapidly. The data shows that in 2023, China’s total mobile phone shipments totaled 289 million units, and the idle amount of used mobile phones increased year by year. It is estimated that the total idle amount will reach 6 billion units during the 14 th Five-Year Plan period. Trade-in will accelerate the update iteration of mobile phone production, and the electronic product industry will usher in greater development space.

Second-hand furniture transactions continue to develop. According to the survey data of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics, among more than 3,000 citizens who participated in the survey, 11.1% of the respondents abandoned large furniture in 2023, and 46.5% of them chose to sell waste products. Furniture with good color and brand will usually be sent to the second-hand market for resale, among which solid wood and second-hand furniture with certain collection value are relatively popular.

The Action Plan proposes to promote remanufacturing and step-by-step utilization in an orderly manner. This requirement also applies to consumer goods. The earliest "remanufacturing" appeared in the 1930s. In 2010, the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments jointly issued "Opinions on Promoting the Development of Remanufacturing Industry", which proposed that remanufacturing can save energy by 60%, materials by 70% and costs by 50% compared with manufacturing new products, and almost no solid waste is produced, and the emission of air pollutants is reduced by more than 80%. At present, the market size of the global remanufacturing industry has exceeded 150 billion US dollars. The annual output value of China’s remanufacturing industry has exceeded 100 billion yuan, making it one of the largest remanufacturing markets in the world.

The price of engine remanufactured products of Jinan Fuqiang Power Co., Ltd. is only 75% of the original price of new products. If the old engine is exchanged for remanufactured products, it can also offset 25% of the price. BYD is committed to the production of new energy vehicles, and attaches great importance to the remanufacturing and cascade utilization of automotive power batteries. When the available capacity of the power battery is 60% to 80%, which can not meet the use requirements, the waste power battery will be recycled for testing and maintenance, and then sent to the power and communication fields for building energy storage power stations after reorganization; When the available capacity of the power battery is further attenuated to 20% to 60%, it can be recycled and disassembled into single batteries for solar street lamps, UPS power supplies and other small energy storage tools. When the usable capacity decays to less than 20%, it will be scrapped, from which useful chemical components and metal elements will be extracted and recovered for the production of new power batteries. Gemei is one of the leading enterprises to recycle electronic wastes and used batteries economically and on a large scale, and has built a life cycle value chain from recycling, remanufacturing to step-by-step utilization to ensure the efficient recycling of used power batteries.

The Action Plan proposes to promote high-level recycling of resources. Improving the ability and level of resource recycling can significantly reduce the demand for primary resources and reduce the pressure of mineral resources exploitation on the natural environment.

According to the statistics of China Renewable Resources Recycling Association, in 2023, the amount of scrapped cars increased by 7.56 million, up by 32%, the amount of recycled furniture exceeded 200 million, the total amount of recycled household appliances reached 4.5 million tons, and the amount of discarded mobile phones could reach more than 400 million every year. It is estimated that after a scrapped small car is finely disassembled, it can decompose about 36 kilograms of rubber, 70 kilograms of plastic, 740 kilograms of scrap iron and 100 kilograms of aluminum; An ordinary refrigerator can recover 9 kilograms of plastic, 38.6 kilograms of iron and 1.4 kilograms of copper; One ton of used mobile phones can extract 400 grams of gold and 2300 grams of silver.

Miluo City, Hunan Province has gathered more than 100 enterprises specializing in the treatment of used household appliances, forming a relatively complete industrial chain, and nearly 10,000 tons of usable substances are obtained after recycling and dismantling used household appliances every day. Among them, recycled metals are sold to auto parts manufacturers in this city for reproduction, which is environmentally friendly and reduces production costs. Haier Group practices the concept of sustainable development, supports the green and sustainable development of the whole industrial chain, and builds the industry’s first home appliance recycling interconnected factory integrating "recycling-dismantling-recycling-reuse", covering three systems of recycling, dismantling and recycling, and has customized six dismantling lines for used household appliances, one cleaning and sorting line for recycled plastics and 13 high-quality recycling new material granulation lines. At present, the factory has an annual dismantling capacity of 2 million sets of waste household appliances and a recycling capacity of 30,000 tons of recycled materials.

Sponsor: General Office of Fuzhou Municipal People’s GovernmentUndertaking: Fuzhou Data Management Bureau

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　　Although officials and scientists have voiced their voices and made it clear that the idea of linking the new coronavirus with 5G is "complete nonsense", it does not seem to prevent rumors from continuing to be sought after.

　　The latest news is that after Britain, there have also been incidents in the Netherlands where 5G signal towers were set on fire and vandalized. Some people even planned to hold a larger-scale protest against 5G on Easter on April 12th through social media.

　　Some British mobile operators said that under the influence of conspiracy theories, some telecom employees have been threatened.

　　one

　　On April 10th, local time, the signal tower in the northern Dutch city of Groningen was set on fire.

　　According to Dutch media reports, at least six signal towers were set on fire and destroyed. In the past week, there have been four similar incidents in the Netherlands.

　　In Europe, similar incidents appeared in Britain earlier.

　　On April 2, local time, a 21-meter-high mobile signal tower in Birmingham, England was set on fire, and firefighters put out the fire after two hours. The next day, a 5G signal tower in Merseyside was also set on fire … …

　　The Guardian reported that at least 20 cell phone base towers were deliberately set on fire or vandalized.

　　In this regard, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) said that two consecutive incidents of burning mobile signal towers coincided with the widespread spread of the "unfounded" conspiracy theory that "5G caused the spread of Covid-19".

　　The British "Daily Mail" bluntly said that these incidents were related to the rumor that "5G network spread Covid-19".

　　In fact, there are not a few people who believe and spread the rumor that "5G leads to Covid-19" on social networks in Europe and America, and even many celebrities participate in it.

　　In response to various rumors since the outbreak, a research institute of Oxford University found that 20% of Covid-19 rumors were spread by celebrities or politicians, and their content published on social media accounted for nearly 70% of the total content published.

　　As you can imagine, once the star politicians with hundreds of millions of fans spread rumors, their "influence" is equally huge.

　　two

　　Tracing back to the origin of this absurd statement, it may first come from a health summit held in Arizona on March 12th, USA, in which a doctor named Thomas Cowen claimed that 5G caused the spread of Covid-19.

　　He even argued that there was no outbreak in Africa because there was no 5G there.

　　This rumor has been widely circulated in the United States, forwarded by many celebrities and spread to more western countries.

　　With the increase of confirmed cases in Africa, this statement was quickly "slapped". However, the spread of this conspiracy theory by foreign social media has not stopped, and many statements have been deduced … …

　　Rumors are flying all over the sky, which also makes some people smell business opportunities.

　　A British company claims that it has developed a product that can prevent 5G radiation and protect users from Covid-19. Each product costs as much as 350 pounds.

　　In this regard, the four major telecom operators in the UK issued a joint statement refuting the relevant statements, arguing that the conspiracy theory linking the 5G signal base station with the spread of Covid-19 is dangerous and false information, which is totally wrong.

　　The BBC’s "fact check" column also interviewed a number of scientists, clearly indicating that the idea of linking the new coronavirus with 5G is "complete nonsense", without any basis and biologically impossible.

　　British officials later came forward and pointed out that this "conspiracy theory" is completely nonsense.

　　three

　　In fact, anti-5G organizations have always existed abroad, but why is this reaction so fierce?

　　In this regard, some media articles pointed out that on the one hand, the COVID-19 epidemic spread, and related topics naturally attracted high attention; On the other hand, rumors can spread quickly, which also reflects the social panic behind them.

　　Christian Lindemeyer, a spokesman for the World Health Organization, once said that people should treat Covid-19 rationally and not panic.

　　But it is easier said than done. In reality, many people hold the attitude of "believing what is there, not believing what is not" to some rumors, and intentionally or unintentionally become the disseminators of rumors.

　　As this newspaper has reported before, every time a disaster or major public health incident breaks out, there will be irrational behaviors caused by various rumors:

　　Net-transmitted granite can prevent Covid-19 from being infected, causing netizens to rush to buy it; Others believe that drinking alcohol can prevent the virus … …

　　Fortunately, many social media have recognized the harm caused by the spread of related rumors and taken action.

　　Facebook said it would delete those remarks that "may cause harm to the real world" and would check the authenticity of other related remarks.

　　YouTube, a video website, also said that videos linking 5G and COVID-19 would be removed because they "quoted unconfirmed medical content".

　　Disaster can test human nature best. What is more terrible than the spread of the virus is the layers of fermentation of false information and the rapid spread of panic.

　　As WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said, in the global fight against the COVID-19 epidemic, "facts are needed, not fears", "science is needed, not rumors" and "unity is needed, not stigma".

　　Obviously, the campaign against false information and rumors is equally important in the global fight against the COVID-19 epidemic.

The total retail sales of social consumer goods increased by 5.8% year-on-year, and the catering revenue increased by 13.9% … The consumption data in the first quarter showed that with the implementation of a series of policies to promote consumption, consumption scenarios continued to expand and consumption expectations continued to improve, which led to a marked rebound in market sales, a steady improvement in service consumption, and an overall recovery in consumption.

The pulling effect is remarkable

The contribution rate of final consumption to economic growth reached 66.6%, which was significantly higher than last year.

The third China International Consumer Goods Expo held recently in Haikou, Hainan, is a window to observe China’s economy.

This year’s Consumer Expo, the exhibition area increased by 20% compared with the previous one, bringing together more than 3,300 consumer boutique brands from 65 countries and regions, with more than 50,000 buyers and professional visitors … The number of participating brands, the number of new products released and the total number of visitors all reached new highs.

Statistics from the National Bureau of Statistics show that consumption growth rebounded significantly in the first quarter. The total retail sales of social consumer goods was 11,492.2 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 5.8%. According to the location of business units, the retail sales of urban consumer goods was 9,966.4 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 5.7%; The retail sales of rural consumer goods reached 1,525.8 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 6.2%.

"In the first quarter of this year, the total retail sales of consumer goods increased by 5.8% year-on-year, which was significantly higher than that in the fourth quarter of last year; In March, the total retail sales of social consumer goods increased by 10.6% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 7.1 percentage points faster than that in January-February. All these indicate that consumption is gradually picking up and improving. " Hong Yong, an associate researcher at the Research Institute of the Ministry of Commerce, said.

"There are many factors for the recovery of consumption." Hong Yong believes that since the beginning of this year, policies to promote consumption have been introduced one after another, and the employment situation has been generally stable, laying a solid foundation for the steady recovery of residents’ income and consumption. In the first quarter, the per capita disposable income of the national residents was 10,870 yuan, a nominal increase of 5.1% over the same period of last year, and a real increase of 3.8% after deducting the price factor, which was 0.1 and 0.9 percentage points faster than that of the whole year of last year respectively.

The pulling effect of consumption on economic growth has been significantly enhanced. In the first quarter, the contribution rate of final consumption to economic growth reached 66.6%, which was significantly higher than that of last year, and it was the most important factor driving economic growth among the three major demands.

Long-term good prospects

China is in the stage of rapid consumption upgrading, and new scenes and models are constantly emerging.

"China’s consumer demand is more diversified and personalized. Only by developing more new products can we better meet consumer demand." At the Expo, the relevant person in charge of Holland (China) Dairy Group told the reporter.

The concentrated appearance of new products at the Expo reflects the new trend of consumption upgrading in China. "Judging from the consumption data in the first quarter, China’s consumer market has resumed growth, and the characteristics of strong consumption resilience, great potential and full vitality have not changed. The fundamentals of long-term improvement in consumption development have not changed, and the general trend of upgrading consumption has not changed." Zhang Jixing, deputy director of the market research department of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, said.

Commodity sales rose steadily. With the gradual release of residents’ consumption potential, the growth of upgrading consumption has accelerated, and the consumption of basic life has continued to grow. In the first quarter, the retail sales of goods increased by 4.9% year-on-year. Nearly 70% of the retail sales of 18 categories of commodities above designated size increased year-on-year, among which the retail sales of basic life commodities such as grain, oil and food, clothing, shoes, hats, needles and textiles increased by 7.5% and 9% respectively. The retail sales of upgraded commodities such as gold, silver, jewelry and cosmetics increased by 13.6% and 5.9% respectively.

Online and offline consumption growth has accelerated. With the improvement of market circulation, online consumption continues to improve. In the first quarter, the online retail sales of physical goods increased by 7.3% year-on-year, and continued to maintain rapid growth. At the same time, with the recovery of offline consumption scenes, the retail of physical stores has gradually improved. In the first quarter, the retail sales of retail stores above designated size increased by 3.6% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 3.2 percentage points faster than that in January-February.

"Residents’ propensity to consume is also rising, which means that the expectation of consumption recovery will continue to improve." Zhang Jixing said that with the stabilization and recovery of the economy, the gradual improvement of the employment situation and the increasing consumption scenarios, residents’ consumer confidence has improved, driving the average consumption tendency to rise. In the first quarter, the average consumption tendency of the national residents was 62%, an increase of 0.2 percentage points over the same period of last year.

Zhang Jixing believes that considering all factors, the role of consumption as the "main engine" of economic growth is expected to be further enhanced. On the one hand, employment has gradually improved, and the national urban survey unemployment rate dropped significantly in March, which is conducive to increasing residents’ income and enhancing their spending power. At the same time, new consumption scenes and new models are constantly emerging, which is conducive to stimulating new consumption willingness. From the perspective of medium and long-term development, China is in the stage of rapid upgrading of consumption, and the consumption prospect is promising for a long time.

Supply and demand work together

Residents’ contact consumption such as catering, entertainment and tourism continued to pick up.

"It feels good to be able to enjoy flowers and experience traditional culture." Hao Wei, a citizen who came to visit a thousand acres of rape flower viewing field in Niulou Town, Yanzhou District, Jining, Shandong Province, said. Many theme activities, such as "poetry exhibition" and "immersive stage play", have enhanced the sense of participation and experience of the tour, and tourists come to enjoy the flowers and view the scenery in an endless stream.

The local government will vigorously develop "flower sightseeing+rural tourism" and create new products and models of rural tourism that promote agricultural experience, parent-child interaction and leisure sightseeing, so as to better meet the needs of tourists and boost rural revitalization.

The data shows that China’s service consumption, including tourism, has rebounded significantly. In the first quarter, residents’ contact consumption such as catering, entertainment and tourism increased rapidly. The national catering revenue was 1,213.6 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 13.9%. From the per capita situation of residents, in the first quarter, the per capita service consumption expenditure of the national residents increased by 6.2% year-on-year, which was obviously faster than the per capita consumption expenditure of all residents.

Tourism demand is still picking up. According to the data of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, on the holiday day in Tomb-Sweeping Day this year, there were 23,766,400 domestic tourists, an increase of 22.7% compared with that in Tomb-Sweeping Day last year. According to the data of online travel platform, the demand for domestic long-distance travel and outbound travel increased significantly during the May 1 holiday this year.

According to the data of the US Mission and public comments, as of April 10th, the booking volume of domestic accommodation, transportation and scenic spots tickets during the May 1st holiday increased by about 200% compared with the same period in 2019. According to the data of Tuniu Travel Network, during the "May 1" holiday, the number of domestic long-distance travel and outbound travel bookings accounted for 56% and 15% respectively; Booking for local tours and Zhou Bianyou continued to accelerate.

"The current rapid warming of the cultural tourism market is the result of the joint efforts of both supply and demand." Wu Ruoshan, deputy director of the Cultural Tourism Policy Research Center of China Institute of Labor Relations, believes that various localities and departments have successively introduced relevant measures and introduced policies such as preferential tickets for scenic spots, which has effectively promoted the release of tourism consumption demand. On the supply side, new technologies such as deep integration of cultural tourism and digitalization have been accelerated in the field of tourism, which has spawned more popular cultural tourism integration products and smart tourism products.

"The direction of the rapid upgrading of cultural tourism consumption has not changed, the huge potential of market development has not changed, and the trend of high-quality development of the industry has not changed. With the implementation of various policies and the continuous improvement of tourism supply level, the potential and vitality of China’s cultural tourism market will be further released, and the recovery trend of the tourism market will be further enhanced. " Wu Ruoshan said. (Reporter Kelly Shi Zhe Li Xinyi Sun Haitian)

In the current real estate market, in order to promote the healthy development of the real estate market, the government has launched a variety of policies, among which the "trade-in" policy has attracted widespread attention. This policy aims to encourage residents to replace their old houses with new ones, so as to stimulate the sales of new houses and the renewal of old houses. The following is a detailed introduction on how to operate the "trade-in" policy.

Policy background

The "trade-in" policy is a real estate incentive measure led by the government. Its main purpose is to encourage residents to replace old houses with new or renovated ones by providing certain economic subsidies or tax incentives. This will not only help to improve the living conditions of residents, but also promote the activity of the real estate market.

operating process

1. title examinationFirst of all, the applicant needs to confirm whether he meets the conditions stipulated in the policy, such as the age and area of the property. Usually, the government will publish the specific qualification requirements on the official website.

2. Evaluate the value of old housesThe applicant needs to contact a professional real estate assessment institution to evaluate the value of the old house. The evaluation results will be used as the basis for enjoying policy subsidies.

3. Choose a new houseAfter confirming the value of the old house, the applicant can choose a suitable new house according to his own needs and economic conditions.

4. Submit applicationPrepare all necessary documents, including identity certificate, real estate certificate, evaluation report, etc., and submit the "trade-in" application to the local real estate management department.

5. Audit and approval: The real estate management department will review the application materials and issue an approval notice after confirming that they are correct.

6. Transactions and subsidiesAfter approval, the applicant can sell the old house and buy the new house. After the transaction is completed, the applicant will receive corresponding subsidies according to the policy.

matters need attention

Applicants should pay attention to the following points when carrying out the "trade-in" operation:

-Ensure the authenticity and completeness of all documents, and avoid application failure due to material problems.

-Understand and compare the policy differences in different regions, and choose the most suitable policy implementation region.

-When choosing a new house, consider the future housing demand and market changes and make wise decisions.

Policy advantage

Through the "trade-in" policy, residents can not only enjoy direct economic subsidies from the government, but also improve their living quality by replacing new houses. In addition, this policy can effectively promote the healthy development of the real estate market and promote the stable economic growth.

In short, the "trade-in" policy provides a good opportunity for residents who want to improve their living conditions. Through a detailed understanding of the policy content and operation process, residents can complete the property replacement more smoothly and enjoy the multiple benefits brought by the policy.

Market (main) mobile phone mobile phone ISA ARMv8.2-A(64-bit) ARMv8.5-A(64-bit) Micro-architecture Cortex-A77、Cortex-A55、DynamIQ Avalanche， Blizzard Part number, s specification Kirin 9000, Kirin 90005G APL1W07 Release date  The fourth quarter of 2020 The third quarter of 2021 craft 5nm FinFET EUV 5nm FinFET transistor – 15000000000 core eight six thread eight six fundamental frequency 2.0GHz 1.8GHz Turbine frequency 3.1GHz 3.2GHz core 4x ARM Cortex-A55@2，05GHz 4x Apple Blizzard @1，82GHz High performance kernel 1x ARM Cortex-A77@3，13GHz

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　　Beijing, July 4 (Yuan Xiuyue) How much women love beauty can be seen from makeup. Air bangs, orange soda makeup, walking in the street, every girl who comes face to face has her own dress. In fact, as early as the Tang Dynasty, powder makeup has become a social trend, and the eyebrows, hairstyles and makeup of women in the Tang Dynasty are even more diverse.

　　Recently, the costumes, makeup and props in the TV series The Longest Day In Chang’an have caused a heated discussion on the Internet. Hibiscus crown, lip-biting makeup, high bun and fork-handed ceremony. Historically, were people like this in the Tang Dynasty? Besides Jackson Yee and Lei Jiayin, what are the highlights of this drama?

　　Is Jackson Yee’s hairpin wrong?

　　In the play, Jackson Yee plays Li Bi, a young genius. The prototype is Li Bi, a veteran of the four dynasties in the Tang Dynasty, who was once an official to a prime minister. He advocated Taoism all his life, so in the play, Li Bi wore Taoist clothes as soon as he appeared, with dust in his hand and a lotus crown on his head. Among them, the wearing method of lotus crown has also caused controversy.

　　In many costume dramas before, the hairpin of the protagonist was inserted horizontally in the hair crown, but the hairpin on Li Bi’s head was vertical. Some people questioned whether this was wrong.

　　In fact, this way of wearing the hairpin vertically is called meridian hairpin, which is the characteristic of Taoism. In the Tang Dynasty, Taoism had formed a relatively perfect clothing system. Monks’ costumes are divided into seven grades. According to the number of years of entering Taoism and the depth of learning Taoism, the clothes, scarves, boots and shoes of each grade of monks and their colors and textures have different specifications.

　　The higher the rank, the more complicated and gorgeous the dress is, and those who first enter the door can only wear hats. In the play, Li Bidai has two crowns, the lotus crown on the clear surface and the lotus crown on the jade Qing, which are the crowns that can only be worn by middle and high-ranking Taoist wizards.

　　Special fork-handed ceremony

　　Etiquette is very important for costume drama, which is also one of the ways to substitute scenes. Everyone is familiar with bowing, bowing or bowing, but many people are puzzled by the fork-handed courtesy in The Longest Day In Chang’an. What is this operation?

　　Hand-crossing ceremony, that is, "hold the thumb of the right hand tightly with the left hand, the little finger of the left hand is pointing to the right wrist, the four fingers of the right hand are straight, and the left hand is pointing upwards", is a kind of etiquette that shows special respect.

　　There are many records about the fork-hand ceremony in history, which was seen in the history books many times in the late Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties. In addition to literature records, the hand-crossing ceremony was also found in the murals of Zhao Yigong’s tomb in the late Tang Dynasty, and there were also graphic descriptions of the hand-crossing ceremony in the two paintings of Han Xizai’s Night Banquet and the Female Filial Piety Sutra.

　　Some scholars believe that in the Tang Dynasty, the fork-handed ceremony was very popular and was well known to all women and children. The fork-hand ceremony was widely popular, probably in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and it was also the most basic etiquette in people’s lives. In the TV series "Do you know if it should be green, fat, red and thin?", there have also been many times of hand-crossing rituals.

　　Women in the Tang Dynasty had more makeup.

　　After the broadcast of The Longest Day In Chang’an, the women’s lip biting makeup in the Tang Dynasty boarded a hot search. In fact, not only lip makeup, but also women in the Tang Dynasty were very particular about face makeup, eyebrow shape and bun.

　　As early as the Warring States Period, women in China began to powder themselves, and the raw materials were rice flour, lead powder, pearl powder and stone powder. In the Tang Dynasty, the national strength was prosperous, and women’s makeup was also diverse, such as white makeup with lead powder as the main makeup, red makeup with rouge as the main makeup, and peach blossom makeup, flying glow makeup, drunken makeup, crying makeup, tears makeup and so on.

　　Ancient women also attached great importance to the modification of eyebrow shape, and the material of thrush was "Shi Dai". In the Tang Dynasty, thrush had become a fashion. In the Tang dynasty, there were many styles of eyebrows, including more than ten kinds, such as willow eyebrows, moon eyebrows, broad eyebrows and eight-character eyebrows.

　　Speaking of women in the Tang Dynasty, many people first think of high bun. Historically, there were many hairstyles for women in the Tang Dynasty, including more than 200 kinds with names. The bun combed on the top of the head is called Gao Ji, which is the most popular one in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

　　However, Gao Ji has a very high demand for hair. Don’t women in the Tang Dynasty lose their hair? In fact, women in the Tang Dynasty also had the habit of wearing fake bun, which was called "Yi bun". It is said that Yang Guifei has a hobby of wearing fake bun.

　　Earrings were not popular in the Tang Dynasty?

　　Besides makeup and hairstyle, women’s accessories are also very important. In The Longest Day In Chang’an, many women wear gorgeous clothes, but they don’t wear earrings.

　　This is not the fault of the crew, but from real history. According to the book "Women’s Adornment in China", earrings appeared only after metallurgical technology came into being, and most of them were made of bronze at first. However, women in the Tang Dynasty did not have pierced ears or earrings. Although some earrings were found in some tombs of the Tang Dynasty, most of them were relics of ethnic minorities.

　　It was not until the Song Dynasty that the wind of piercing ears began to prevail. Northern minorities generally have the habit of wearing earrings, and even men are popular with ear piercing.

　　Special fan — — Ouwei

　　There is also a special artifact in the play — — Blackbird tail, which is a kind of fan with animal hair around the sector. It is generally believed that the bird’s tail is a representative utensil for scholars to talk about metaphysics and Taoism in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Some people think that it came into being earlier.

　　The tail of the bird is generally used to distinguish between priority and priority in conversation, and it can also eliminate mosquitoes and flies, relieve summer heat and relieve fever. In addition, it is also a status symbol, and only people with noble status can hold the tail of the bird.

　　In the Tang dynasty, the tail of the bird was still popular among the literati. In the play, Yan Yuhuang, a Taoist priest, is holding the tail of an owl, and the prototype is Yang Yuhuan. However, with the changes of the times, after the Song Dynasty, the bird’s tail gradually withdrew from people’s lives, but was replaced by fans and dusters. (End)