The terrorist attacks in Russia shocked the world and made Russian anti-terrorism forces the focus of discussion.

According to CCTV news reported on March 26, local time, on March 26, the Russian Federal Security Service announced that it had foiled a terrorist attack that was planned to be carried out in a humanitarian relief material receiving station in Samara. Bortnikov, director of the Russian Federal Security Service, said that Russia still faces a terrorist threat.

On the evening of March 22, local time, a terrorist attack took place in the "Saffron City Hall" in Moscow, Russia. According to the statistics of the Russian investigation Committee, the attack has caused 143 deaths and 182 injuries, and the concert hall building was burned in the fire. This is the most serious terrorist attack in Russia in the past two decades. Soon after, Russian military and police personnel, including Chechen special forces, quickly took action and completed the interception and arrest when the murderer was about 100 kilometers away from the Ukrainian border in Bryansk State.

In order to deal with terrorism, Russia has set up several special operations forces that are very professional and have strong combat effectiveness, and carried out work according to the characteristics of anti-terrorism operations.

The professional anti-terrorism force born of terrorist attacks

Russia has long been threatened by terrorism. In the mid-1990s, terrorist activities in Russia became increasingly rampant and showed an upward trend. In the early 21st century, it reached an unprecedented scale, and terrorist attacks with global significance such as Beslan hostage incident occurred at this stage. Terrorists from Chechnya, Central Asia and Afghanistan entered Russia to spread terrorism, extremism and separatism, recruit members and plan terrorist activities.

In order to deal with the threat of terrorism, Russia has been paying more attention to the construction of anti-terrorism mechanism, and at the same time, it has intensified its efforts to crack down on terrorist activities. At present, it has formed a relatively solid foundation of anti-terrorism laws and regulations, and established a vertical command and coordination system for anti-terrorism operations. At the same time, Russia also attaches great importance to the implementation of anti-terrorism operations, and has established several special combat forces with very professional and strong combat effectiveness to carry out work according to the characteristics of anti-terrorism operations.

At present, Russia’s special anti-terrorism forces mainly include the General Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, the Alpha and the Signal Flag, and the Russian Federal Internal Security Forces, among which the Alpha and the Signal Flag belong to the Federal Security Administration and the Internal Security Forces belong to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Among them, the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, also known as Gruu, claims to be the most confidential department of Russian intelligence agencies. On October 21, 1918, at Trotsky’s suggestion, Lenin signed an order to formally set up the registration department under the Field General Staff of the Revolutionary Military Commission of the Republic to lead the military intelligence work on all fronts of the Red Army in a unified way, with Simon Ivanovich Aranov, who was born in Cheka, as the first minister. The story of "Gruwu" begins, and November 5 every year is designated as the anniversary of the establishment of "Gruwu". Unlike the KGB (the KGB was split into two parts after the disintegration of the Soviet Union: the Federal Security Service and the Foreign Intelligence Service), Gruwu did not sink after the disintegration of the Soviet Union and still played an important role in the armed forces of the Russian Federation. On November 5, 2006, on the 88th anniversary of the founding of Grupo, the new headquarters of Grupo in Moscow was officially opened.

The specific establishment and tasks of the special operations forces under the "Gruu" remain a mystery until today. It is reported that there are currently 24 well-trained special assault brigades in Gruu, with a total number of about 30,000 people. Its main task is to deter and prevent sudden attacks and strike behind enemy lines. Its main base is located in Chuchikovo, Ryazan, Russia. From the two wars in Chechnya to the little green men in Crimea, to the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine and the civil war in Syria, there are "Gruu" special forces. It is generally believed that on April 21, 1996, it was the "Gruu" special forces that provided accurate strike guidance on the spot, which enabled two Russian Su -25 fighters to launch missiles and successfully killed Chechen rebel leader dudayev, who was making a mobile phone call to the outside world.

In recent ten years, the actions against other Chechen rebel leaders, such as basaev, maskhadov and others, are basically recognized by the outside world as being related to "Gruwu". At the end of 2015, five Russian special forces were killed in combat operations in Syria. Although Russian officials once denied it, it is generally believed that these people are soldiers of Gruu. In the centennial celebration speech in 2018, Putin fully affirmed the role played by Gruu in Syria in the past few years, pointing out that Gruu provided vital target information and other intelligence for the Russian army to crack down on extremist organizations in Syria.

Both "Alpha" and "Signal Flag" special forces belong to the Federal Security Administration. The two armies have made great achievements in the hostage incident in the theater of Moscow Bearing Factory and the hostage incident in Beslan, which has attracted the attention of Russia and abroad.

The purpose of "Alpha" special forces is mainly to engage in anti-terrorism activities in Russia and deal with terrorism such as hostage-taking and bomb-planting. Its history can be traced back to 1974. It was originally called "KGB Group A" and was renamed "Alpha" in 1991. "Alpha" special forces are carefully selected from national security organs, airborne troops, border guards and military school graduates. In addition to being physically strong and responsive, they also need to pass intelligence tests.

The unit has now become the backbone of Russia’s counter-terrorism. In 1993, the terrorist Zaharijev hijacked a Russian civil aviation Il -86 passenger plane. Alpha was ordered to go out, sneaked into the cabin from the cargo hold at night, and quickly subdued the gangsters. Zaharijev was captured on the spot, and the plane and passengers were all safe. In a hijacking incident in 1997, "Alpha" once again captured the gangster alive, and all 142 passengers were safe and sound.

Among the anti-terrorism forces, the "Alpha" and "Signal Flag" special forces are two well-known forces, both of which belong to the Federal Security Administration.

The main task of the "signal flag" special forces is to carry out the security work of Russian institutions abroad, including anti-sabotage, anti-espionage, anti-subversion and defending the leaders. The "signal flag" special forces was established in 1981, initially under the KGB Anti-Spy Bureau, and then disbanded and reorganized in 1993. It is reported that the "signal flag" special forces usually carry out activities in classes, and the number of people in each class ranges from 10 to 30. When the situation is urgent, several classes can be quickly combined to form a larger force.

According to the data, during the war in Afghanistan, the "signal flag" has been active, and every province in Afghanistan has its action team. In addition, "Signal Flag" has conducted similar activities in Cuba, Syria, Vietnam, Mozambique, Angola and Nicaragua. In 1992, 10 members of the "signal flag" subdued 14 armed thugs in 10 seconds at the "three stations" subway station in Moscow, and seized $1 million in counterfeit US dollars. In 1993, the "signal flag" special forces successfully stopped a premeditated terrorist explosion outside Yekaterinburg. On July 16, 2023, five Russian "signal flag" special forces went deep behind enemy lines and carried out sabotage operations on an underground ammunition depot in Odessa.

The special forces of the internal affairs forces of the Russian Federation are under the jurisdiction of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, mainly including the 604 Special Operations Center, Rosic and other special forces. Among them, the 604 Special Operations Center was formed by the merger of the "Warrior" special forces and the "Ross" special forces. It is the core of the special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and is responsible for counter-terrorism and other tasks such as responding to domestic riots and prison riots. The special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs have also made great achievements in many anti-terrorist operations, including the hostage incident in the Grand Theatre of Moscow Bearing Factory, and they also belong to one of the backbone of Russian anti-terrorist operations.

After the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, Russian anti-terrorism forces also participated, which affected the domestic anti-terrorism capability to some extent. Although Russia discloses little information, it is generally believed that the fierce conflict between Russia and Ukraine has contained Russia’s anti-terrorism forces. According to media reports, on July 16, 2023, five Russian "signal flag" special forces went deep behind enemy lines and carried out sabotage operations on an underground ammunition depot in Odessa. It was reported that the Russian army had attacked the facility with cruise missiles before, but it was unsuccessful. In order to completely destroy the underground ammunition depot, the Russian army sent a sabotage team behind the enemy lines composed of five special warfare players to secretly approach the target and launch a surprise attack. After killing several defenders, the Russian army installed a timed explosive device to blow up the ammunition depot, and then all the staff returned to the station safely.

A rising star of Chechen special forces

In addition to the above troops, the Chechen special forces involved in the arrest of the suspects of the "concert hall terrorist attack" are also a rising star in the Russian anti-terrorism field.

After the Chechen war ended in 2001, local terrorist activities were very active. In order to effectively crack down on terrorist activities carried out by illegal organizations, while sending a large number of federal troops, the Russian central government also agreed to set up local armed forces subordinate to local leaders.

In order to stabilize the domestic situation, Chechen leader Kadyrov recruited 7,000-14,000 separatist militants in 2002 -2005, and incorporated some of them into the security department of the Republic. Only the independent patrol team of the Chechen Ministry of Internal Affairs has 10 companies (about 4,000 people). In order to effectively carry out anti-terrorism operations, Kadyrov established the Northern Battalion and the Southern Battalion in 2006. The Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs gave them the official designations of Independent Special Battalion 248 and 249, and the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs also allocated 2 billion rubles for them. After the establishment of the two battalions, they were controlled by the 46th Mobu Brigade stationed in Chechnya by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs. Each battalion consists of three patrol companies, one reconnaissance company and one support unit, and the support unit consists of medical platoon, communication platoon and technical support platoon. The total number of the two battalions is more than 1,200, including more than 700 in the northern battalion, which is stationed in Grozny, the capital of the Chechen Republic, mainly to protect the security of the capital, and more than 500 in the southern battalion, which is stationed in Vijno area, which is adjacent to the Republic of Dagestan. The local terrorist activities are very active and cracked down.

At present, the "Ahmat" rapid reaction special force is a well-known Chechen unit, which belongs to the National Guard of the Russian Federation and is deployed in Chechnya. It was named "Ahmat" to commemorate the first Chechen President akhmad kadyrov. This special force was established in 2009, and its commander is the Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the Chechen Republic, Apti Arnold. After the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict broke out in February 2022, the "Ahmat" special forces participated in the war against Ukraine and achieved some results.

During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, the main objectives and tasks of the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" were successfully completed, and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation took a big step forward. Premier Li Keqiang pointed out in his government work report in 2021 that during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, China’s economic and social development made new historic achievements. Ten sets of tax data fully reflect this point.  

In the past five years, the total tax reduction and fee reduction has exceeded 7.6 trillion yuan   The macro tax burden is decreasing year by year.

The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that tax reduction and fee reduction policies and measures should take root and let enterprises go into battle lightly. This year’s government work report showed the transcripts of tax reduction and fee reduction in 2020, which reduced the burden on market players by more than 2.6 trillion yuan, including 1.7 trillion yuan in social security fees. Statistics from the State Administration of Taxation show that during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the scale of new tax reduction and fee reduction in five years totaled more than 7.6 trillion yuan.

During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council accurately implemented counter-cyclical economic adjustment and introduced a series of tax reduction and fee reduction policies in an orderly manner. In 2016-2018, we will comprehensively push forward the pilot reform of the camp, degenerate and reduce the value-added tax rate, and raise the standard of individual tax deduction. In 2019, a larger scale of tax reduction and fee reduction will be implemented. In 2020, seven batches of 28 preferential tax and fee policies will be introduced to support epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development. With the implementation of a series of tax reduction and fee reduction policies by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, China’s macro tax burden (that is, the proportion of tax revenue to GDP in general public budget revenue) was 17.47%, 17.35%, 17.01% and 16.02% respectively from 2016 to 2019, and further decreased to 15.2% in 2020, compared with 18% in 2015 at the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.

Support for innovation and tax reduction totaled over 2.5 trillion yuan   Cultivate and expand new kinetic energy

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that independent innovation is an urgent requirement and an important support to promote high-quality development and kinetic energy conversion. We must create conditions and atmosphere, mobilize the enthusiasm of innovation in all aspects, and make every innovation fully generate. In this year’s government work report, Premier Li Keqiang pointed out that during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, China achieved fruitful results in building an innovative country. In recent years, the tax policies supporting scientific and technological innovation have been continuously optimized and improved, and the intensity of tax incentives for innovation has been continuously increased, which has effectively promoted enterprises to increase investment in R&D and guided innovative resources to gather in enterprises, which has played an important role in promoting the implementation of innovation-driven development strategy and the construction of an innovative country.

According to the tax data, during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, the tax reduction and exemption amount of China’s tax policy to encourage scientific and technological innovation increased by 28.5% annually, and the accumulated tax reduction in five years was 2.54 trillion yuan. Tax incentives are more beneficial to manufacturing and high-tech service industries. Manufacturing, information transmission and information technology service industries, scientific research and technical service industries enjoy tax reductions totaling nearly 90%.

From the breakdown data, the number of enterprises enjoying the R&D expenses plus deduction policy in China has increased from 53,000 in 2015 to 339,000 in 2019, an increase of 5.4 times in five years; The tax reduction and exemption increased from 72.6 billion yuan to 355.2 billion yuan, and reached 360 billion yuan in 2020, with an average annual increase of 37.8%. The deduction of R&D expenses continued to increase, which effectively stimulated the R&D investment and innovation vitality of enterprises. The national R&D investment increased from 1.42 trillion yuan in 2015 to 2.44 trillion yuan in 2020, achieving double-digit annual growth and becoming the second largest R&D investment country in the world.

During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the support of various policies, including tax incentives, continued to increase, which effectively promoted the vigorous development of the new economy and new kinetic energy and accelerated the construction of a modern industrial system. According to the tax data, the industries related to the digital economy are growing rapidly. From 2016 to 2020, the tax revenue will grow at an average annual rate of 7.2%, which is 3 percentage points faster than the national overall level. According to the data of VAT invoices, during the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period, the sales revenue of leading enterprises in the "four basics" industries such as core basic parts, advanced basic processes, key basic materials and industrial technology foundations increased from 1.09 trillion yuan in 2017 to 1.47 trillion yuan in 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 10.8%. The sales revenue of China’s high-tech industry increased by 21.3% annually, which was 5.1 percentage points higher than the national average, among which the sales revenue of high-tech service industry increased by 28% annually, which was 11.8 percentage points higher than the national average.

The green tax system is constantly improving   The comprehensive energy consumption intensity of key tax source enterprises decreased by 6.6%.

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that it is necessary to firmly establish the concept of Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, promote green development, and fight for the defense of blue sky, clear water and pure land. This year’s government work report summarizes the achievements of China’s green development during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, pointing out that China’s pollution prevention and control efforts have increased, the efficiency of resource and energy utilization has improved significantly, and the ecological environment has improved significantly. In the process of promoting green development, the green tax system plays an important role. Since the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan", focusing on the implementation of new development concepts, China has accelerated the reform of resource tax and environmental protection tax, promoted the rational development and utilization of resources and the clean and energy-saving production of enterprises, and successively issued a series of preferential policies, such as tax relief to support emission reduction and tax credit for equipment investment, to guide enterprises to increase green investment and take the initiative in green transformation, to accelerate the development of green industries and to help build a beautiful China.

In July 2016, the reform of resource tax ad valorem was pushed forward in an all-round way, and a direct linkage mechanism between tax revenue and resource price was established, which better played the role of tax adjustment and promoted the rational development and sustainable utilization of resources. During the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period, the resource tax revenue totaled 750.9 billion yuan, an increase of 62.3% over the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, including 175.5 billion yuan in 2020, an increase of 72 billion yuan over 2015, with an average annual growth rate of 11.1%. In particular, the reform of water resource tax has optimized the water use structure and effectively curbed groundwater overexploitation. In 2020, the proportion of groundwater consumption in 10 pilot provinces such as Beijing and Hebei was 33.5%, which was 8 percentage points lower than that in 2016 before the reform. In the pilot provinces, the taxable groundwater intake in the over-exploited area in 2020 decreased by 19.3% compared with that in 2016; Since the reform, more than 8,000 taxpayers in the pilot provinces have stopped pumping groundwater and switched to surface water or tap water, shutting down more than 14,000 self-prepared wells.

The newly levied environmental protection tax has established a tax adjustment mechanism of "more emissions and more levies, less emissions and less levies, no emissions and no levies", and given tax relief incentives for low-standard emissions and centralized management, which effectively promoted the improvement of the ecological environment and green development. From 2018 to 2020, the environmental protection tax has accumulated to 63.15 billion yuan. In 2020, the emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the main air pollutants of taxpayers paying environmental protection taxes, decreased by 42.5% and 28.7% respectively compared with 2017 before the reform; The chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen emissions of major water pollutants decreased by 54.5% and 35% respectively compared with 2017 before the reform.

According to the tax data, during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, the amount of corporate income tax reduction by implementing investment credit policies including environmental protection equipment nationwide increased from 2.33 billion yuan in 2015 to 3.35 billion yuan in 2019, and it is expected to reach 3.5 billion yuan in 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 8.5%. This policy effectively guides enterprises to increase investment in technological transformation and environmental protection equipment. Since 2017, the invoice amount of environmental protection equipment purchased by enterprises nationwide has increased by 14.6% annually. The amount of preferential tax reduction for supporting emission reduction will increase by 7.2% in 2019 and 6% in 2020. Correspondingly, the comprehensive energy consumption intensity (per standard coal/operating income) of key tax source enterprises nationwide will decrease by 6.6% year-on-year. The increase and decrease reflect the positive incentive effect of tax reduction and exemption policies that guide environmental protection, and effectively play the positive role of tax leverage in controlling pollutant discharge.

The tax incentives for helping the poor increase by over 30% annually & ENSP; Helping to win the battle against poverty has achieved remarkable results.

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader solemnly declared at the national summary and commendation meeting on poverty alleviation that China has won a comprehensive victory in the fight against poverty. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the tax authorities focused on the key areas and key links of poverty alleviation, such as ex situ poverty alleviation and relocation, employment of poor people, and poverty alleviation donations, and continuously increased tax policy support, fully released the tax reduction and fee reduction bonus, and supported the poverty alleviation. The amount of tax preferential policy relief increased from 26.3 billion yuan in 2015 to 74.2 billion yuan in 2019 and reached 102.2 billion yuan in 2020, with an average annual increase of 30.6%, making a positive contribution to resolutely winning the fight against poverty.

With the help of various precise poverty alleviation policies, poverty alleviation has achieved remarkable results, and the economy in poverty-stricken areas has accelerated. From the data of VAT invoices, from 2016 to 2020, the sales revenue of enterprises in 832 uncapped state-level poverty-stricken counties maintained rapid growth, with an average annual growth rate of 14.6%. Among them, the growth rate in 2016-2018 was 18.6%, 11.7% and 8.5% respectively, and it increased to 18.7% in 2019. Although affected by the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020, it still maintained the level of 15.9%, which was 9.9 percentage points higher than the national average, reflecting the good development trend of enterprises in poverty-stricken counties.

Tax data show that leading enterprises in poverty alleviation have a good momentum of development. Since 2016, the total profits of leading enterprises in poverty alleviation have increased by 43.9% annually, and the average profit per household has expanded from 1.08 million yuan in 2015 to 6.73 million yuan in 2020. The profit rate of enterprise sales will increase from 10.4% in 2015 to 15.4% in 2020, among which the manufacturing industry and wholesale and retail industry will increase from 9.5% and 3.3% to 9.9% and 4.3% respectively. Judging from the number of leading poverty alleviation enterprises with annual profits exceeding 10 million yuan, the number of households in 2020 is 5.1 times that of 2015.

The newly established tax-related market entities have increased by over 10 million households annually   Entrepreneurial vitality is effectively stimulated

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that the market subject is the carrier of economic strength, and protecting the market subject means protecting social productive forces. We must do everything possible to protect market players and accumulate basic strength for economic development. Premier Li Keqiang emphasized that staying in the green hills will win the future. In recent years, large-scale tax reduction and fee reduction have deepened the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform, and the business environment has been continuously optimized, which has stimulated the vitality of market players and effectively promoted "mass entrepreneurship and innovation", and a large number of new market players have emerged. Statistics from the State Administration of Taxation show that during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the number of tax-related market entities newly established in China increased by over 10 million every year, showing the characteristics of high activity, strong vitality and good growth, which effectively promoted the sustainable development of economy and society.

During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the number of tax-related market entities newly established in China totaled 57.453 million, an increase of 26.074 million or 83.1% over the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period. In the same period, 24.039 million tax-related market entities were cancelled nationwide, which was offset by the cancellation of new offices. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, there were 33.414 million tax-related market entities nationwide, an increase of 77.3% compared with the end of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan".

From the perspective of sub-industries, the proportion of modern service industry in the newly-established tax-related market has increased significantly, and the proportion of labor-intensive industries has decreased year by year. During the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period, the proportion of newly established tax-related market entities in modern service industries such as leasing and business services, scientific research and technical services, information transmission and information technology services increased from 10%, 3.9% and 2.8% in 2015 to 13.7%, 5.5% and 3.8% in 2020 respectively. The proportion of newly established tax-related market entities in labor-intensive industries such as wholesale and retail, accommodation and catering is decreasing year by year, from 43.4% and 12.7% in 2015 to 37.3% and 7.6% in 2020 respectively.

The proportion of tertiary industry tax revenue increased to 58.1%  The development of new technology service industry was accelerated.

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure is a key measure to improve the comprehensive competitiveness of China’s economy. According to the tax data, during the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period, with the continuous improvement of the quality of China’s economic development, the tax revenue of the tertiary industry has steadily increased from 56.5% in 2016 to 58.1% in 2020, which is 3.3 percentage points higher than that in 2015 at the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period. Emerging industries have become a new growth point of tax revenue. The sales revenue of information transmission, software and information technology services has increased by 21.2% annually, which is significantly higher than the national overall level. The annual tax revenue has increased by 12.5%, which is 8.2 percentage points faster than the national tax revenue growth rate.

The private economy is developing rapidly   Sales revenue increased by 17.7% annually.

The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to the development of private economy. On November 1, 2018, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized at the private enterprise forum that China’s private economy can only grow and not weaken. Premier Li Keqiang pointed out that efforts should be made to support the development of private enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises. Statistics from the State Administration of Taxation show that during the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period, there were 56.005 million tax-related market entities in the newly-established private economy, accounting for 97.5% of all newly-established tax-related market entities, and its proportion increased year by year, from 96.3% in 2015 to 98.7% in 2020, becoming the main force of newly-established tax-related market entities.

The data of VAT invoice shows that the private economy developed rapidly during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. From 2016 to 2020, the sales revenue of private economy increased by 17.7% annually, which was 1.5 percentage points higher than the national average. Among them, private enterprises and individual businesses grew rapidly, with an average annual growth rate of 22.5% and 20% respectively. The tax contribution of the private economy is also constantly improving. In 2020, the tax paid by the private economy accounted for 60.1% of the national tax revenue, an increase of 8.6 percentage points compared with 51.5% in 2015, which became an important support for stabilizing the national tax revenue.

From the perspective of sub-industries, the private manufacturing industry continues to grow and develop, and the proportion of sales revenue continues to increase. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the sales revenue of manufacturing private enterprises increased by 14.7% annually, and the proportion of sales revenue increased by 6.7 percentage points. Private economy is the power source of economic endogenous growth, and this structural change also reflects the gradual shift of manufacturing industry to endogenous growth.

As the main force of China’s scientific and technological innovation, the private economy has continuously enhanced its innovation ability. Especially after the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader delivered an important speech at the private enterprise forum at the end of 2018, private enterprises have been innovative and energetic in generate, and their development has accelerated. According to the tax data, the proportion of private high-tech enterprises in the national high-tech enterprises increased from 92.1% in 2018 to 92.4% in 2020, and the proportion of private high-tech enterprises in the national high-tech enterprises increased from 66.2% in 2018 to 70% in 2020.

Manufacturing sales revenue increased by 11.2% annually & ENSP; High-tech manufacturing industry continues to grow and develop.

Manufacturing is the foundation of a country and a strong country. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader made a series of important instructions on the transformation and upgrading of "Made in China", emphasizing the high-quality development of manufacturing industry in a more prominent position. Premier Li Keqiang called for strengthening the industrial foundation, especially the manufacturing foundation, and expanding new kinetic energy. According to the data of VAT invoice, China’s manufacturing industry continued to grow and develop during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, especially the high-tech manufacturing industry achieved rapid development, and the integration of manufacturing industry with information technology and science and technology service industry promoted each other. From 2016 to 2020, the sales revenue of manufacturing enterprises in China increased by 11.2% annually. High-tech manufacturing industry is the highlight of manufacturing industry development during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, and the cumulative sales revenue has more than doubled, with an average annual growth rate of 15.1%. Some key products of automation, digitalization and intelligence have achieved breakthroughs, and their sales revenues have increased substantially. For example, the sales revenues of key products such as robots, industrial control systems, integrated circuits and optoelectronic devices have all exceeded 2 times, and the sales revenues of important equipment such as medical diagnostic equipment and new energy vehicles have also increased more than 2 times.

The tax revenue in the central and western regions accounts for more than 30%   Regional development is more coordinated.

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that China’s economy has shifted from a high-speed growth stage to a high-quality development stage, which has put forward new requirements for coordinated regional development. This year’s government work report pointed out that during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, major regional strategies were solidly promoted. Tax data show that regional development is more coordinated. From 2016 to 2020, the proportion of tax revenue in the central region increased from 15.6% to 16.5%, an increase of 0.9 percentage points; The proportion of tax revenue in the western region increased from 18.4% to 19%, an increase of 0.6 percentage points, and the total proportion in the central and western regions was 35.5%, an increase of 1.5 percentage points, further narrowing the gap with the eastern region.

Since the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan", China’s regional tax policy system has been continuously optimized and accurately exerted, which has played an important role in promoting the coordinated development of the eastern and western regions. Two rounds of preferential policies for the development of the western region have promoted the development of markets, industries and enterprises in the western region. The threshold of the third round of preferential tax policies implemented from 2021 will be further lowered, which will benefit more market players. The amount of corporate income tax reduced by preferential policies for the development of the western region increased from 52.85 billion yuan in 2015 to 100.69 billion yuan in 2019, and remained at 100 billion yuan in 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 13.6%.

With the support of various policies, including tax policy, the regional development strategy has achieved remarkable results. The VAT invoice data shows that since the second quarter of 2020, the economy of the Yangtze River Economic Belt has continued to recover, showing strong development resilience. The sales revenue of enterprises in 11 provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt increased by 6.2% year-on-year, 0.2 percentage points higher than the national overall level, accounting for 46.5% of the national sales revenue. The sales revenue of industrial enterprises increased by 4.1% year-on-year, which was 1.4 percentage points higher than the overall level of industrial enterprises in China. The sales revenue of core industries of digital economy increased by 15.4% year-on-year, which was 3.6 percentage points higher than the overall level of core industries of digital economy in China.

The accumulated export tax rebate exceeds 7 trillion yuan   In order to stabilize foreign trade, "come on and run"

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that it is necessary to promote the innovation and development of foreign trade and promote a higher level of opening up. Foreign trade is an important part of China’s open economy and an important driving force for national economic development. In order to further expand opening to the outside world and stabilize the basic foreign trade, during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, China repeatedly raised the export tax rebate rate to help enterprises cope with the impact of Sino-US trade friction and the negative impact of the global epidemic. According to statistics, in the past five years, the total export tax rebate has increased from 1,174.2 billion yuan in 2016 to 1,454.9 billion yuan in 2020, with an average annual increase of 2.6%. In the past five years, the accumulated export tax rebate has been 7,073.6 billion yuan, which effectively reduced the cost of foreign trade enterprises and promoted the steady growth of foreign trade exports.

At the same time, the tax authorities have promoted a number of facilitation measures in a coordinated manner, continuously simplified the tax refund process, compressed the time limit for tax refund processing, and accelerated the progress of export tax refund. The average processing time for normal export tax refund in China has been reduced from 13 working days in 2018 to 10 working days in 2019, and then reduced to 8 working days in 2020, thus alleviating the pressure on enterprises to occupy funds.

The "14th Five-Year Plan" has been launched, and the tax authorities will continue to adhere to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, conscientiously implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, base themselves on the new development stage, implement the new development concept and serve the new development pattern, promote the tax modernization in the new development stage with high quality, and give full play to the basic, pillar and supportive role of taxation in state governance. At the same time, we will further make full use of tax big data, fully reflect the economic and social development in a timely manner, make suggestions for the decision-making of party committees and governments at all levels, and contribute more tax power to building a socialist modern country in an all-round way.

Illustration: Ten sets of tax data reflect new historical achievements in China’s economic and social development during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period

　　It is precisely because of this that we can see that there are at least four species of hominids in four genera (there are four genera and seven species of hominids living now), namely chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans. How far are they from reality? What is the original habit? Can orangutans really speak human words? Please talk nonsense with our ape species, starting with the orangutan species.

When it comes to Caesar, you have to mention the action to capture the first person, andy serkis

Chief Caesar — — chimpanzee

In the second film, Caesar the chimpanzee also has his own wife and children.

This "request" gesture is a way for low-level people to show their respect to high-level people.

The orangutan army facing mankind

　　Cctv news(Reporter Wang Jiazhu) It takes about an hour’s drive from downtown Xi ‘an to the west along Huanshan Road to reach zhouzhi county. At the end of November, the season has passed light snow, and the Guanzhong Plain is getting colder. However, the villages in Luoyu Town at the northern foot of Qinling Mountain are full of vitality.

　　On November 30th, which lasted more than two months, the reconstruction and construction of beautiful countryside in 13 administrative villages in two districts of zhouzhi county was completed on this day.

　　When Jiang Anshun, a villager, walked out of his house, he couldn’t hide his excitement when he saw a new, clean and tidy village street in put in order, white walls and gray tiles, a simple and elegant farmhouse and leisure square, and the distinctive beautiful countryside logo at the entrance of the village. He said: "I didn’t expect my hometown to become so beautiful."

The entrance of reconstructed Zhouyi Village

　　Zhouzhi county, a land sheltered by the Qinling Mountains, is named after "the mountain song is terrible and the water song is awkward". It is adjacent to the Qinling Mountains in the south and the Weihe River in the north. It is known as the "Golden Week" and is the west gate of the provincial capital Xi ‘an. It has a good natural ecology, is a national ecological demonstration county, and has a profound cultural heritage.

　　According to the "Implementation Plan for Revitalizing Beautiful Villages in zhouzhi county during the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025)" formulated by the zhouzhi county County Party Committee and the county government, the construction projects of zhouzhi county Beautiful Village Demonstration Area (Louguan Mazhao Area and Luoyu Area) where the above 13 administrative villages are located are listed as key projects in the county.

　　On September 18th, 2021, Xi ‘an Construction Engineering Group successfully won the bid for the construction of this project, and ran into the site 10 days later, starting a two-month reconstruction.

　　Prior to this, the Group had successfully completed the renovation project of human settlements in beautiful countryside, Yinji Central Village, Zhangbaling Town, Anhui Province, and the construction tasks of key demonstration projects in provinces and cities such as the 2020 cultivated land upgrading project in Nayong County, Guizhou Province.

　　The construction of beautiful countryside is a systematic project, which must be combined with geography, natural resources, cultural accumulation, folk customs, industrial structure and its own characteristics. Because of the village system, it is necessary to make a good construction plan, not only pay attention to the coordination with the surrounding environment, but also shape the village’s own characteristics and characteristics, and inherit the historical folk culture to ensure the scientific and rational planning and fully demonstrate the farming culture and beautiful characteristics.

　　Zhang Jingjing, director of planning and design of Xi ‘an Construction Engineering Municipal Transportation Group, who is in charge of the project transformation, said: "Highlighting rural flavor, reflecting homesickness and creating rural rhyme are the top priorities of beautiful countryside’s image design, and we have made every effort to create ‘ There are mountains, water, fields and houses ’ The design scheme of the Mazhao area in the foothills and the Luoyu area with the theme of humanistic leisure town and eco-tourism resort is also to make ‘ The countryside is more like the countryside ’ , avoid ‘ One side of a thousand villages ’ Guide the village to develop in the direction of market town. "

　　Specifically, in the process of construction, Luoyu District mainly relies on the advantages of human landscape resources such as Luoyu Reservoir and the site of ancient Luoguo, and strives to make Luoyu Town a characteristic scenic spot for citizens to relax through the design idea of humanistic leisure town and eco-tourism resort, and vigorously develop rural tourism, leisure vacation, sightseeing agriculture and other industries.

　　Louguan Mazhao area is close to Qinling Mountains in the south, which is rich in water resources and is an important local kiwifruit planting area. The design idea of this area is mainly to improve and transform the public space, integrate the relevant design elements of kiwifruit into the landscape, and guide the renovation of the village style, so as to enhance and expand the brand influence of "Zhouyi Village" kiwifruit.

　　Zhang Jingjing said that the 13 beautiful countryside in these two districts should create their own characteristics in the construction. "In the end, we have completed the construction goal of a core flagship brand, a tourist service center, a string of village tourist routes, a characteristic village lane in Guanzhong, a group of high-end boutique homestays, an exhibition hall for agricultural and sideline products, a number of farming experience projects and a number of online celebrity punch cards."

Louguan section logo

　　In the project transformation, Xi ‘an Construction Engineering Group planned from a high starting point, built with high standards, fully carried forward the spirit of "Iron Army", seized the progress of the construction period, actively practiced the Group’s standardized construction norms and implemented the "five full coverage" and other related policies during the project construction. In the difficult times when the epidemic occurred repeatedly, the project department of Xi ‘an Construction Engineering Group chose not to stop construction, and insisted on construction during the Mid-Autumn Festival and National Day holiday. Their busy figures were all over every village.

　　"Xi’ an Construction Engineering has worked hard and worked overtime. In order to complete the construction task on time, it has worked tirelessly, rain or shine, and has been recognized by the broad masses of cadres and masses." Wang Jie, deputy mayor of Luoyu Town, said.

　　The data shows that by the end of November 2021, the roadway reconstruction in two districts of zhouzhi county has been completed by 30km, gravel paving by 7km and roadside railings by 1800 m; Clean up 4000 cubic meters of garbage and sundries, including 100 broken walls; More than 200 newly planted trees; Shrubs are planted in 3,500 square meters, with a total greening area of 20,000 square meters. Laying drainage cover plate for 1.5km.. At the same time, 15 new cultural squares were built, covering an area of 6,543 square meters; The newly-built cultural and leisure corridor is 540 meters. The entrance space of the village in Louguan Mazhao area has been reconstructed in four places, with a total area of 820 square meters; 2 new regional signs; Renovate the facade of street-facing buildings by 20,000 square meters, renovate advertising slogans by 5,130 square meters, and draw rural cultural walls by 8,470 square meters.

　　In more than two months, the village has taken on a new look, and a "clean, green, smooth and beautiful" beautiful countryside scroll has been woven at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains.

　　This earth-shaking change, the local villagers feel the most profound: "In the past night, this passerby did not dare to leave, and now the street lights are installed at night; In the past, when it rained last day, the whole family had to wear rain boots. Now it doesn’t have to wear rain boots for a month or two, the road is wide, the streets are neat, beautiful, and everything is fine. " A villager said.

Luoyu entrance signs

　　With the completion of the beautiful countryside project, in early December, people from nearby villagers, Zhouzhi County and even Xi ‘an City came here by car. This also allows the local government and villagers to see the business opportunities for further developing tourism, leisure agriculture and other industries. Take Zhouyi Village in Mazhao Town as an example. On the basis of this year’s kiwifruit harvest, this village has also developed 40 farmhouses and is building a homestay economy with high standards.

　　A person in charge of Luoyu Town, zhouzhi county said: "The dividends of beautiful countryside construction will continue to be released, which will greatly help us achieve the win-win goal of making tourists more satisfied and increasing villagers’ income."

CCTV News:Spring Festival travel rush will come to an end in 2018. In the army of security in Spring Festival travel rush, there is a force that cannot be ignored, that is, security inspectors who are responsible for security inspection and danger work.

In Spring Festival travel rush, for the sake of a safe, orderly and warm travel environment in Spring Festival travel rush, 155 Beijing Railway Station security inspectors gave up the Spring Festival to reunite with their families and all stuck to their posts. Thanks to their efforts, during the period of Spring Festival travel rush this year, the security inspection brigade of Beijing Railway Station seized more than 13,000 prohibited items and 3.5 grams of ice on the spot.

After the start of Spring Festival travel rush, the security inspection brigade of Beijing Railway Station strictly followed the work deployment, strictly implemented the security inspection system, and adopted measures such as increasing security inspection channels and releasing passengers by stages, which not only ensured the speed of passengers entering the station, but also ensured that the security inspection rate did not decline, and sent security guides to make the security inspection area in good order, put an end to criminal cases in the security inspection department, and ensured the personal and property safety of passengers and the blocking of dangerous goods under cars outside the station.

At 7: 13 on February 17, Zhang Tian, a security inspector at Beijing Railway Station, seized 11 firecrackers in the upper pocket of a passenger section during the hand inspection of No.5 machine at the entrance. According to Duan, firecrackers were bought for children and used for holidays. Knowing that they could not be taken on the train, they had to go through security inspection, so they were put in their upper pockets. Unexpectedly, they were still checked out by security inspectors. The police criticized and educated Duan’s luck, and confiscated those who violated the rules.

At 8: 45 on February 11th, when Ren Chunyu, a security inspector, inspected a female passenger about 30 years old by hand, she suddenly found a round box-shaped article in her coat pocket and asked her to take it out for inspection. The passenger said to himself, "Lighters are not allowed." Then he turned around and got off the security desk. I don’t know what the man who was traveling with me said, and his expression was tangled and he kept stamping his feet. The woman’s abnormal behavior aroused Ren Chunyu’s high vigilance, and she quietly watched the woman’s every move. The female passenger took an item out of her pocket and threw it into the trash can, and then came back to check the station again. Then Ren Chunyu immediately asked her colleagues to take her place. She ran to the trash can on the west side of the hall and picked up a black round box thrown by the lady. There were several small transparent plastic bags with powdery white crystals and a plastic tube inside. She suspected that it might be methamphetamine and immediately reported the situation. Accordingly, the Beijing station police station cooperated with relevant units to crack the case of the suspect Wang smoking and carrying. And follow the trail, arrested three people involved again, and collected 8.9 grams of drugs.

Inspectors not only abide by their duties and safeguard safety, but also actively solve problems for the majority of passengers. Over the years, security instruments have been a high-risk area for passengers to lose their property. In order to avoid passengers’ losses, security inspectors try to find the owner in the shortest time by finding, handling and reporting.

According to statistics, in Spring Festival travel rush in 2018, the Beijing Railway Station police station recovered more than 350 pieces of lost luggage for passengers, worth more than 400,000 yuan. At 16: 15 on March 9, Lou Xing Yu, a security inspector at Beijing Railway Station, found a black satchel on the security instrument of No.1 ticket office. Later, I opened the bag with Liu Jianjun, the captain of the first team on duty, and found that there were 6,000 yuan in cash and daily necessities in the bag. Through the station broadcast, I finally found the careless owner, Ms. Zheng. (Ma Jianpeng)

Sub-district offices, township governments, district government committees, offices and bureaus, and district-owned institutions:

　　With the consent of the district government, we hereby print and distribute "Several Measures of Fengtai District on Responding to the COVID-19 Epidemic and Supporting the Development of Enterprises (Provisional)" to you, please implement them carefully.

Beijing Fengtai District People’s Government Office

February 19, 2020

Measures of Fengtai District on Responding to COVID-19 Epidemic and Supporting Enterprise Development (Provisional)

　　In order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on resolutely winning the prevention and control of epidemic situation, fully implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee the State Council and the municipal party committee and municipal government on doing a good job in the prevention and control of epidemic situation in COVID-19, help enterprises tide over the difficulties and support the stable development of enterprises, the following measures are formulated.

　　First, strengthen support for key enterprises in epidemic prevention and control

　　To support the prevention and control of epidemic situations such as medical protective clothing and masks, it is urgent for medical material production enterprises to resume production and expand production capacity, and to help enterprises solve the problems of ensuring raw materials, factories, personnel, transportation and other factors in the process of resuming production. Give appropriate subsidies to enterprises that urgently need medical materials production and enterprises that provide space, property and other support, with a maximum of 1.5 million yuan. (Responsible unit: District Development and Reform Commission)

　　Second, open up a green channel for approval

　　We will speed up the examination and approval of new projects that produce materials needed for epidemic prevention and control, adopt a special way, and provide all-round services such as priority acceptance, on-site guidance and one-stop handling of administrative examination and approval items such as business license issuance, medical device production and business record permission. (Responsible unit: District Market Supervision Bureau)

　　Third, increase industrial financial support.

　　For key enterprises that meet the policies of "Several Measures for Optimizing Business Environment in Fengtai District" and "Measures for Zhongguancun Fengtai Science Park to Support the Development of High-tech Industries and Technological Innovation", the online declaration of policy funds in 2019 will be carried out, simplifying the application procedures for policy awards, speeding up the disbursement of funds and alleviating the operational pressure of enterprises. (Responsible units: District Development and Reform Commission, Fengtai Park Management Committee and District Finance Office)

　　Fourth, ease the credit pressure of enterprises

　　Take the initiative to accurately connect financial institutions for key enterprises in epidemic prevention and control, coordinate special credit support, and do not lend, keep lending or suppress loans to enterprises that have temporary difficulties in operation but have development prospects due to the epidemic. For enterprises that failed to be included in the special refinancing support scope of the People’s Bank of China during the epidemic period and met the industrial development direction of Fengtai District and made outstanding regional comprehensive contributions, banks in the region are encouraged to provide financial support for them and give a discount of 1.5 percentage points of the loan amount, and the discount amount for a single enterprise does not exceed 1 million yuan. The local government guarantee institutions launched "anti-epidemic loans" products to help small and medium-sized enterprises that are greatly affected by the epidemic to renew their loans and reduce the comprehensive rate by 0.5 percentage points. (Responsible unit: District Finance Office)

　　Five, reduce the cost of enterprise property

　　Small and medium-sized enterprises that lease the real estate belonging to state-owned enterprises directly under public housing and state-owned enterprises in the area to engage in production and business activities, adhere to business according to government requirements or close down in accordance with epidemic prevention regulations without layoffs or fewer layoffs, will be exempted from February rent; Leased for office space, 50% of the rent in February will be reduced. For renting other business premises, the owner (landlord) is encouraged to reduce or exempt the rent for the tenant, which shall be settled by both parties through consultation. For commercial buildings with outstanding regional comprehensive contributions recognized by the competent department of industry, if rent is reduced or exempted for small and medium-sized enterprises in line with the industrial development direction of Fengtai District, subsidies will be given at 30% of the amount reduced or exempted in February and March, with a maximum of 1 million yuan; Large shopping malls and shopping centers with outstanding regional comprehensive contributions recognized by the commerce department will be subsidized by 30% of the amount of rent reduction and exemption in February and March, with a maximum of 1 million yuan. (Responsible units: District Housing Management Center, District State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, Fengtai Park Management Committee, Lize Business District Management Committee, District Investment Promotion Service Center and District Commerce Bureau)

　　Sixth, support innovation and entrepreneurship carrier platform

　　Priority will be given to incubator funds for science and technology business incubators and creative spaces that reduce rents for small and medium-sized enterprises renting houses during the epidemic. (Responsible unit: District Science and Technology Information Bureau)

　　Seven, support enterprises to carry out epidemic prevention and control technology and product innovation.

　　Special funds for major scientific and technological projects in Fengtai District are given priority to enterprises involved in epidemic prevention and control. COVID-19’s scientific research projects in prevention, detection, diagnosis and treatment, as well as projects that apply artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data and other technical means to epidemic prevention and control, will be given priority subsidies for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements after review by the competent authorities of the industry, with a maximum of 3 million yuan. For loans to small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises, the guarantee and evaluation fees will be reduced by 1.1 percentage points. Give priority to providing application scenarios for new technologies and new products related to epidemic prevention in the region. (Responsible unit: District Science and Technology Information Bureau)

　　Eight, support the stable operation of daily necessities supply and reserve enterprises.

　　During the period of epidemic prevention and control, large-scale commercial business entities that have made outstanding contributions to stable price and supply as determined by the commercial department will be given a one-time reward of 501 million yuan depending on the degree of contribution. (Responsible unit: District Bureau of Commerce)

　　Nine, increase the intensity of aiding enterprises to stabilize their posts

　　Expand online recruitment channels, make full use of Fengtai District’s "Everyone Employment Network" to publish job information, build a platform for employment service exchange, and ensure the stability of enterprise employment. To implement the policy of helping enterprises to stabilize their posts during the epidemic in Beijing, the insured enterprises that are greatly affected by the epidemic, face temporary production and operation difficulties and are expected to recover, and insist on not laying off employees or laying off fewer employees, can return the unemployment insurance premium according to the monthly per capita unemployment insurance premium standard and the number of insured employees in the previous year for six months. According to the growth of the average number of employees in enterprises at the end of April and the average number of employees in the previous year, enterprises are given moderate financial subsidies. For enterprises that enjoy the above policies, employees (including those waiting for posts) are organized to participate in vocational skills training that meets the requirements according to the post requirements, and they can enjoy one-time skills upgrading training subsidies according to the standard of 1000 yuan per person. Eligible unemployed people in this area can enjoy free training in accordance with relevant regulations. (Responsible unit: District Human Resources and Social Security Bureau)

　　X. Strengthening the guarantee of legal services

　　Set up a legal service group for small and medium-sized enterprises, and provide consulting and agency services for enterprises affected by the epidemic by "zero meeting" such as online and appointment, so as to reduce the business risks of enterprises. Provide specialized notarization services for small and medium-sized enterprises affected by the epidemic. (Responsible unit: District Judicial Bureau)

　　The above measures shall be implemented as of the date of issuance, and shall be valid for the period of epidemic prevention and control in COVID-19 (unless there is a clear time limit in the specific measures), and shall be interpreted by the District Development and Reform Commission in conjunction with the responsible units. In addition to enterprises directly involved in epidemic prevention and control identified by relevant departments, enterprises enjoying the above measures should register and pay taxes in Fengtai District. Enterprises shall not repeatedly enjoy similar subsidies to support funds. Small and medium-sized enterprises should comply with the Standard Provisions on the Classification of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises jointly issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the National Bureau of Statistics, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance (No.300 [2011] of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology).

April 5

The ventilator "collective vacation" in Wuhan Thunder God Mountain hospital is waiting for disinfection and cleaning;

April 11th

The ICU ward of Jinyintan Hospital completed the clearing of COVID-19 patients;

April 14th

Thunder God Mountain hospital patients are cleared;

April 15th

Thunder God Mountain hospital officially closed the cabin

… …

At home, good news comes one after another!

Abroad, New York ordered 17,000 ventilators from China.

Even Tadpole Jun’s overseas friends said,

His mother insisted on buying him a ventilator on Taobao.

"I am so helpless. If medical ventilators can be bought on Taobao, how can there be such a shortage abroad?"

so

What is the difference between the ventilator in the hospital and the ventilator we usually say? Is it necessary for ordinary people to use medical ventilators? What kinds of medical ventilators are there?

Too long to read the version

Rescue breathing equipment can be roughly divided into:

Oxygen therapy equipment, ventilator and artificial lung (ECMO).

They have their own characteristics, and the diseases they aim at are different.

Healthy people, there is absolutely no need to buy it themselves.

Oxygen therapy equipment

When it comes to ventilators, many readers may immediately think of scenes in TV dramas. The attending doctor said, "Come on, the patient is dying." As soon as the voice fell, the nurse hurried to push the oxygen bottle. Oxygen bottles, oxygen bags and various oxygen generators on shopping websites all belong to oxygen therapy equipment.

Oxygen therapy equipment has two functions.

(1) directly provide oxygen for patients.

If we compare the human body to a jar, with one mouth sucking air and one mouth discharging waste gas, then the oxygen concentration in the jar must be kept constant because every cell needs a certain amount of oxygen. However, in some cases, the oxygen concentration in patients will drop. For example, the patient is in a plateau, and the oxygen in the air is insufficient, or the patient suffers from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the trachea and bubbles are diseased, so no matter how hard he tries, he can’t breathe in too much air. What should we do? The answer is to increase the oxygen concentration in the air inlet, that is, to provide patients with higher concentration of oxygen through oxygen therapy equipment.

(2) as an oxygen source

Oxygen therapy equipment can also be connected to a ventilator as a source of oxygen. It can be seen from here that the ventilators mentioned by doctors are not the same as oxygen cylinders and oxygen generators.

Hyperbaric oxygen chamber is a special oxygen therapy equipment. In other words, it is essentially an oxygen cylinder, but it can be as big as a room. The atmospheric pressure inside is usually three times the normal pressure, and accordingly, its oxygen concentration is very high.

There are two common uses of hyperbaric oxygen chamber.

One is to deal with anaerobic bacteria, which are afraid of oxygen; The second is to treat carbon monoxide poisoning. For the human body, hemoglobin is equivalent to a trolley for transporting oxygen, and carbon monoxide can occupy hemoglobin, thus affecting the supply of oxygen. High concentration oxygen must be used to drive away carbon monoxide in order to save the patient’s life.

Because of the high oxygen concentration, hyperbaric oxygen chamber is a very prone to fire. Don’t say that playing with lighters, even static electricity accumulated on chemical fiber clothes may cause accidents. Therefore, if you need to use hyperbaric oxygen chamber treatment, you must strictly follow the guidance of medical staff.

Having said that, one more thing: all oxygen therapy equipment has a specific scope of application. Some sellers say that "regular oxygen inhalation can improve immunity and children’s performance" in order to increase the sales of oxygen generators. In fact, normal people don’t need these at all.

Noninvasive mechanical ventilation

Under normal circumstances, when inhaling, the muscles around the lungs are pulled outward to drive the alveoli to expand; Once the alveoli expand, the pressure inside is small, which can accommodate the gas from the outside. Covid-19, on the one hand, can directly damage alveoli and interfere with the expansion of alveoli, on the other hand, it will attract immune cells, and the fighting between them will inevitably cause inflammation and further aggravate atelectasis.

What should I do in this situation?

The answer is noninvasive mechanical ventilation.

Non-invasive means no wound; Machinery is the use of a ventilator; Ventilation means inhaling oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The motor in the noninvasive ventilator can compress oxygen, create pressure, and then, along the breathing mask, enter the patient’s lungs — — Whether the alveoli can expand or not, oxygen is directly injected into them.

Of course, this is just a general principle, which is actually much more complicated. The pressure produced by the ventilator can be positive pressure or negative pressure, which can be generated continuously or provided intermittently, and can be adjusted according to the patient’s situation; There are also many kinds of breathing masks, which can be used only for the nose, or to wrap the mouth, or to wrap the whole face of the patient.

Invasive mechanical ventilation

Pay attention to the news, and you will find that most of the ventilators mentioned recently are invasive ventilators.

The biggest difference between invasive mechanical ventilation and noninvasive mechanical ventilation is whether to establish an airway for patients. Some patients have claustrophobia and can’t accept breathing masks, some patients have facial trauma, which affects the fit of breathing masks, and some patients have a lot of sputum in their trachea, which seriously affects the effect of ventilation. Therefore, the doctor will make an incision in the patient’s trachea, insert a hose into it, and artificially establish a passage for air in and out.

Accordingly, the structure of invasive ventilator is more complicated. For example, an invasive ventilator is equipped with a battery, which can continue to work and care for patients’ lives even if the mains supply is interrupted or the emergency power supply fails in the hospital.

Therefore, the invasive ventilator is usually fully functional and can be used as a noninvasive ventilator in an emergency; Conversely, the non-invasive ventilator cannot be used as an invasive ventilator because of its limited function. This may be why most of the current foreign orders are aimed at invasive ventilators.

In vitro oxygen membrane bonding

In vitro oxygen membrane bonding is the ECMO that is often mentioned in the first two months.

Strictly speaking, it is not a ventilator.

Non-invasive ventilator and invasive ventilator are both helpers of the lung, and assist patients to breathe through masks or tracheal intubation; When ECMO is needed, it doesn’t matter whether the patient can breathe or not, it can take over breathing completely.

When using ECMO, we should first make an incision in the patient’s blood vessel to draw the blood out. Then, ECMO will expel carbon dioxide from it, inject enough oxygen and heat it properly; Finally, the blood with proper temperature and full of oxygen is sent to the patient’s blood circulation through the motor.

In other words, ECMO is equivalent to a weakened version of the time capsule, which can temporarily save the patient’s life. The key is whether doctors can find a solution to the fundamental problem in a limited time.

However, ECMO and ventilator have one thing in common: both need oxygen. During the closing period of Wuhan, many hospitals were short of oxygen because of the surge of patients. Those workers who work overtime to produce oxygen and transport oxygen are also great contributors to the fight against the epidemic.

The domestic epidemic situation has improved recently.

But before the advent of specific drugs and vaccines

Oxygen therapy, noninvasive ventilator, invasive ventilator and ECMO.

Is the most effective way for us to deal with novel coronavirus.

To make good use of them,

Not only need excellent medical staff,

But also the cooperation of manufacturing and transportation.

I hope that over time,

We can master these technologies thoroughly,

Better care for people’s health.

　　Magpies can be said to be the most common birds in rural areas of Guanzhong, especially in the countryside near the northern foot of Qinling Mountains, on the big trees in front of and behind people’s houses, and among the branches on the banks of ditches in rural areas. Magpie looks very festive, with a round head, a pointed beak, a fat body, a long tail and feathers in black, white, blue and purple, which can be said to be loved by everyone. What the villagers like best is its chirping sound, which they think is an auspicious sound. "When the magpies chirp, the guests will come", which is a favorite saying in our village.

　　I also like magpies for two reasons. First, I have lived in the countryside since I was a child. Magpies are more common and seen, just like my neighbors. When I am familiar with them, I am happy. Second, I think this kind of bird looks good and sounds good, unlike sparrows, which gather in groups in front of people’s eaves all day, chattering, making people upset, and sometimes harming crops and making people hate it. Nor is it like an owl, whose voice is sharp and harsh, such as a sharp instrument crossing a slate.

　　In my memory, magpies are the most common in spring and winter, but they don’t seem to be seen much in summer. This may be the reason why the magpie’s whereabouts are not easy to be found in summer. In spring, magpies can often be seen in Yuan Ye, my hometown. They jump in the wheat field one by one, head by head, and look very fun; Or while chirping, slowly fly from tree to tree, and the tail feathers draw a beautiful arc. This season, magpies’ nests are also easier to find, mostly on tall poplars. Walking in the countryside, when I look up, you will see huge magpie nests, crouching peacefully among the treetops of Gao Yang willow trees, as if they were pieces of art.. The sky is pure and blue, not stained with a trace of dust. At this time, there may be wind, and the nest will gently shake with the wind.

　　Although it shakes, there is no need to worry that the nest will be blown down by the wind, because magpies are masters of nesting. I have lived in the country for many years, and I have seen many bird nests, such as those of swallows, sparrows and turtledoves … I think they are not as beautiful and strong as those of magpies. Sparrows make a nest out of a mess of grass. Sometimes, they don’t even build such a simple nest, but live directly under the eaves of others or among the trees. Swallows’ nests are exquisite, but they are also built on the beams of other people’s houses, and they like to use old nests, which are neither as big as magpie’s nests nor as beautiful as magpie’s nests. As for the doves’ nests, they are mostly built in the oblique branches of the trunk of a big tree, which is not only sloppy, but also extremely unsafe. When I was a teenager, I saw more than once that the village children climbed the tree to dig out the nest of the turtledove, and the turtledove flew around the tree in shock. Magpies, on the other hand, have no such worries. Their nests are mostly at the top of big trees, and village children can’t climb them. Even if they climbed up, because the branches at the top of the tree were too thin, the children were afraid of breaking the branches and falling to the ground, and did not dare to climb to the top to dig out the magpie nest. What’s more, the villagers also forbid children to climb the tree and dig out the magpie nest. Therefore, it is very natural that magpies are more common in their hometown.

　　In spring and summer, magpies are busy building nests, laying eggs and brooding, but in autumn, magpies seem to be more relaxed. This season, the young magpies have grown up, so they don’t need to be fed. There is plenty of food in the field, and they can eat without much effort. The full magpies are singing and playing in the fields, or in the big trees in front of and behind people’s houses. Only in winter, because of the lack of food and the cold weather, they seem sluggish and seem to be less active than in spring, summer and autumn. Magpies seen in winter are mostly foraging.

　　I have long known that magpies like to live in exile. In the past, during those years in my hometown, I also often saw it. However, in the past twenty years, it seems that I have seen fewer magpies in the plains and Sichuan fields. Sometimes I see it occasionally, and it is often one or two, and there are no groups. And the magpie’s nest seems to be smaller than I remember. Looking at it, it is about the size of a basketball and stands alone among the treetops of a small tree. Last winter, I went to Fengyukou, Qinling Mountain to play. By the Hongcao River, I unexpectedly met a large group of magpies. They were screaming and laughing, jumping and pecking in a mountainous area. That carefree, makes me fascinated. I was excited for a long time, and I stopped in a hurry and watched it quietly for a while. At that moment, my heart seemed to have returned to my familiar hometown and my distant childhood. In a trance, I saw my kind grandmother take a big red window cut of a magpie and stick it on the pane. And outside the window, it is a place of snow, a tree of Qiongzhi.