On the morning of June 19th, the 7th issue of Bohong Lecture Hall of Zhonghua Book Company invited Mr. Liu Fengzhu, a researcher at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of China Academy of Social Sciences, to give a wonderful speech entitled "Looking for the Missing Khitan".

Lecture site

What’s the difference between big characters and small characters in Qidan?

In 916 AD, Yelu Abaoji, the ancestor of Liao Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor, and the Qidan regime was established. In 960, the Northern Song Dynasty was established, and the second "Southern and Northern Dynasties" appeared in the history of China. Liao Dynasty has some characteristics different from other dynasties in China’s history, for example, its title was changed frequently.

According to the records of the Song people and the research of the people close to them, in 916, Bao Ji proclaimed himself emperor, taking "Qidan" as the national title; In 938, due to the invasion of sixteen prefectures, Emperor Taizong of Liao changed the name of "Qidan" with strong national color to "Liao" in order to win over the Han people in Yanjing. In 983, Emperor Shengzong of Liao changed his country name to "Qidan"; In 1066, Liao Daozong changed the country name to "Liao" until the demise of the Liao Dynasty in 1125. The repeated changes of the title of the Liao Dynasty and the reasons for the changes have always been very important issues in the study of Liao history.

After the establishment of Liao Dynasty, in order to record the national language, Qidan characters and small characters were created. What’s the difference between big characters and small characters in Qidan? Mr. Liu Fengzhu said with vivid but rigorous words: "(Big characters) are not written because they are big, and small characters are not written because they are small. To put it simply, when you are older, you create big characters first, and then small characters. To be more specific, those with strong pinyin are small characters and those with weak pinyin are big characters. To put it simply, a pile of small Khitan characters, one by one Khitan characters. " On-site photos of stone rubbings of Qidan characters and Qidan characters were displayed.

Because the Khitan characters are written in the form of one by one, each word itself is a word, but in the process of writing from top to bottom, this word and the upper words can form new words, and the lower words can also form new words, which is not easy to distinguish between each word, so it is not easy to use. As far as the information found so far is concerned, there is little information in big characters and more information in small characters. The Liao Dynasty always used both big and small characters. The Khitan script was always used in the early Jin Dynasty, and it was not until 1191 that the Khitan script was abolished in the Jin Dynasty.

Left: The Epitaph of Yeluqi written by Khitan; Right:Qidan fine print in Liao Daozong’s mourning book

Where did the Khitans come from? Where did you go?

Where did the Khitans come from? To put it simply, it evolved from Donghu to Xianbei, and some of Xianbei evolved into Qidan. The name "Khitan" was first recorded in the Korean historical book Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms in 378. There are biographies of the Khitan nationality in Wei Shu, Sui Shu and two Tang Shu, which can be used as an important document basis for us to understand the origin of the Khitan nationality.

Where did the Khitans go? Mr. Liu Fengzhu said that after the demise of the Liao Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty occupied the land and people of the Liao Dynasty. The Jin Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty established later recruited a large number of Khitans into the army and sent them to various places. However, the Khitan sergeants sent to various places did not return to their hometown, but settled down in the local area and integrated into the local ethnic groups. The Khitan nationality is like a huge iceberg, constantly hit and finally melted into the sea of Wang Yang.

So, are there any descendants of the Khitans in China today?

In 1996, an expert group composed of China Academy of Social Sciences and China Academy of Medical Sciences determined the genes of Daur nationality and Yunnan A, Mang and Jiang’s surname "I", and compared their genes with those extracted from the skulls and teeth of Qidan people (Ye Lvyu’s family tomb and Ye Lvxu’s family tomb) excavated from Liao tombs, confirming that both of them are descendants of Qidan people. In addition, some people in China (such as some families in Shijingshan District, Beijing) should also be descendants of the Khitan. Where the descendants of the Khitans who were sent to Central Asia and other places are now needs further scientific inspection, which is also a very time-consuming and laborious work.

Daur

Four climaxes in the interpretation of Qidan characters

The demise of the Khitan nationality means the disappearance of the people who speak the Khitan language, and the Khitan characters that record the Khitan language have also lost its use value and gradually disappeared. Previously, academic circles always thought that no paper documents written in Khitan characters had been handed down.

In 2010, Viacheslav Zait, a researcher at the Institute of Oriental Writing (IOM) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, discovered a handwritten literature written in the Khitan characters. This document originally came from Kyrgyzstan and entered Tibet in 1954. This is the only literature in the Khitan language that has been handed down by writing in Khitan characters.

In China, all the information about the Khitan characters are epigraphy materials discovered through archaeological excavations and illegal grave robberies, including bronze mirrors, bronze seals and epitaphs.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Belgian missionary E. P. L. Kervyn came to Inner Mongolia, China to preach. In 1922, grave robbers discovered the tomb of Liao Xingzong in Walin Mangha, Soboriga Sumu, Bahrain Right Banner, Inner Mongolia. At that time, the area was still under the jurisdiction of linxi county, and the county local government arrested grave robbers. While the grave robbers were being taken away, Kelvin continued to dig in the local area.

On June 21, 1922, Kelvin excavated and unearthed the mourning books of Liao Xingzong and Ren Yi in Qidan. But Kelvin himself can’t make rubbings, so he asked Chinese to copy the words in the book of mourning. Subsequently, Kelvin published the photos of his excavation and the mourning book of Queen Renyi in French in the 1923 issue of Le Catholic de p ‘ekin, No.118, 10th year. This is the first time that the world discovered the Khitan script after it was lost for hundreds of years, which caused a great sensation in academic circles.

In 1930, Tang Yulin, a warlord, made another excavation in the local area, discovered the tomb of Liao Daozong, and unearthed the mourning books of Liao Daozong and Empress Xuanyi written in fine print and Chinese characters respectively. On the wordless tablet in Ganling of the Tang Dynasty in Ganxian County, Shaanxi Province, the Travels of Lang Jun, the younger brother of Daikin Emperor, was also found engraved with the fine print of Qidan (hereinafter referred to as "Travels of Lang Jun"). Four pieces of mourning books unearthed from Liao tomb and The Travels of Langjun constitute the important materials for the initial interpretation of Qidan characters.

Liao Daozong’s book of mourning

The interpretation of Qidan characters experienced four climaxes.

The first climax occurred in 1932-1935. Wang Jingru, Luo Fucheng and Li Dingzhuo were the first scholars to study the Khitan script. Because the mourning books written in Qidan and Chinese were unearthed in Liao tombs, scholars adopted a comparative method to interpret them. Among the five materials, except Lang Jun’s Travels, the other four mourning books are not translated into each other. This brings some difficulties to interpretation. But there are still some corresponding contents, such as the date of death and burial of the emperor and queen, and so on. Wang Jingru also named the minimum reading and writing unit of Khitan fine print as "original word". After repeated comparisons, China scholars initially interpreted the meanings of some small Khitan words, such as year number, branch number, year, month and day. "The three scholars reached roughly the same result in roughly the same way at roughly the same time. It can be said that great minds think alike." Mr. Liu Fengzhu said.

Translation of Langjun Travels in Chinese and Qidan

During 1951-1956, Japanese scholars set off the second climax of the study of Qidan characters, with representatives such as Shiro Murayama, Hiroaki Yamayama, Natsumi Nagata, Matsuo Aidang, Tomura Sukehiro and others. Japanese scholars did not adopt a more brilliant method to interpret the Khitan characters. They didn’t re-recognize the characters, but tried their best to imitate the characters recognized by China scholars in Mongolian and Manchu. Khitan, Mongolian and Manchu belong to Altaic language family, and the pronunciation of some words is consistent. However, Khitan, Mongolian and Manchu are independent languages after all. Although there are some similarities in pronunciation, there are many differences in pronunciation, which cannot be equated. The pronunciations constructed by Japanese scholars for the original characters of more than 100 small Khitan characters were later verified, and only over 30 pronunciations were constructed correctly or nearly constructed. Among them, Shanlu Guangming takes into account the comparison between the Khitan language and Mongolian language, and the fact that there may be Chinese loanwords in the Khitan language, such as "Aijuan" and "Xuanyi" in the Khitan language, so his pronunciation is much more correct than others.

After the 1950s, the world’s interpretation of the Khitan characters was at a standstill. The real turning point came in the 1970s. In 1972, during the May 7th Cadre School, Mr. Liu Fengkun began to study the Khitan characters, and from more than 90 small Khitan characters and more than 100 Chinese characters in Lang Jun Xing Ji, he found a way to interpret the Chinese loanwords in the small Khitan characters to construct the phonetic value of the original Khitan characters, and read the small Khitan characters such as names of people, places and officials, so as to achieve all-purpose communication.

In 1975, the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences of China Academy of Sciences (the predecessor of China Academy of Social Sciences) cooperated with Inner Mongolia University to establish the Qidan Character Research Group. Mr. Liu Fengzhu, in combination with other newly unearthed materials of the Khitan script, made a comprehensive interpretation of the Chinese loanwords in the Khitan script, successfully constructed the pronunciations of more than 110 original characters of the Khitan script, and successively interpreted more than 400 words, and analyzed their grammatical relations. This is the third climax of the study of Qidan characters. In 1985, China Social Sciences Publishing House published a study on the fine print of Qidan (16 folio, 800 pages) co-authored by Qingertai, Liu Fengzhu, Yu Baolin, Chen Naixiong and Xing Fuli, which concentrated on the interpretation results of the research group.

1993-2002 was the most active period for the excavation of China Qidan written materials. Due to the progress of archaeological excavation and the prevalence of grave robbery, a large number of Qidan written materials have been unearthed. Since the beginning of this century, literature and history, Yanjing Journal (new), ethnic studies, ethnic languages, Chinese studies and other publications have published articles on the interpretation of Qidan characters. At present, there are 32 small inscriptions on Qidan and 12 large inscriptions on Qidan. After the research and synthesis of the above materials, Mr. Liu Fengzhu published the book "The Compilation of Khitan Characters Research" in Zhonghua Book Company in 2014, which marked the arrival of the fourth climax of the study of Khitan characters. The materials and research results of the Khitan characters discovered in the last century and this century are all summarized in the book Lei Bian, which embodies all the achievements of the interpretation of the Khitan characters in the past 100 years.

Series on the Study of Qidan Characters

The Liao Dynasty once implemented the system of dual country names.

What is the important value of the interpretation of Qidan characters to the study of Liao history? Due to the great progress in the study of Qidan characters in recent years, many puzzles in the study of Liao history can be solved by the interpretation of Qidan characters. Mr. Liu Fengzhu cited two examples: the title of the Khitan, and the title of "Kara Khitan" and dual nationality.

On the title of qidan nationality. "Liao History" records that in 947 AD, "the country name was changed to Da Liao". This sentence itself is not bad, but the term "changing the country name to Daliao" here does not mean changing the country name of Qidan to Daliao, but changing the country name of the late Jin Dynasty to Daliao. Shi Jingtang was once the "son emperor" of Liao Dynasty. After his death, Shi Zhonggui, the emperor who succeeded to the throne, demanded that Liao be called a grandson instead of a vassal. In 947, the Khitan sent troops to destroy the late Jin Dynasty, changed the name of the late Jin Dynasty to Daliao, and put the late Jin Dynasty into the territory of Daliao. This explains why after the Khitan changed its name to Da Liao in 938, there will be a move to "change its name to Da Liao" in 947.

Secondly, on the issue of "Karaqidan" and the dual country name. After the demise of the Liao Dynasty, Yelushi established the Western Liao Dynasty. But "West Liao" is not its own country name, but a name given by historians to distinguish it from the original "Liao". Western Liao was originally called "Karaqidan". In 1956, Mr. Statement proposed that not only the Western Liao Dynasty called itself "Karaqidan", but also the Liao Dynasty called it "Karaqidan", but the reasoning and evidence were not sufficient. At that time, the "History" Supplement of Guangming Daily organized a manuscript to discuss Mr. Statement’s point of view, and Mr. Statement’s defense article was also returned. Now it seems that Mr. Statement’s opinion is correct. The late Professor Liu Pujiang from the Department of History of Peking University, on the basis of Mr. Feng Jiasheng’s research, came to the view that there was no title of "Liao" in the Liao Dynasty. The title of "Liao" was used in sixteen prefectures where the Han people lived, but not in the areas where the Khitans lived.

In 1991, the fine print "Epitaph of Yelv Religion" of Qidan was unearthed, and the writing of "Great Central Qidan Hara" appeared in the epitaph, which once puzzled the academic circles. In 2005, Mr. Liu Fengzhu finally solved this problem from the perspective of dual country number when he was studying the epitaph of Yeluqi, a big character of Qidan.

It is generally believed in academic circles that "Harrah" as a modifier modifies "Khitan", which means "black" and "Harrah Khitan" means black Khitan. Among the first four Khitan characters in the Epitaph of Yeluqi, the first word and the fourth word mean "big" and "country" respectively, so the Khitan character between these two words can’t be a modifier, only a country name. The titles of the Liao Dynasty are only "Qidan" and "Liao", but the word "Qidan" has been interpreted, and the text here can only be "Liao".

So, is the pronunciation of "Liao" just "Harla"? Through the investigation of Mongolian language, Mr. Liu Fengzhu proved with conclusive evidence that the transliteration of "Hara" is the free translation of "Liao" and "Hara Qidan" is the meaning of "Liao Qidan", which proved that the Liao Dynasty had implemented the dual country number system. During the period of 983-1066, both big characters and small characters wrote "Qidan Liao Country", putting "Qidan" before "Liao". After 1066, both big and small characters wrote "Liao Qidan Country" and put "Liao" before "Qidan".

From this, Mr. Liu Fengzhu came to a conclusion: any period when the title of the country is called "Qidan" in Chinese literature is called "Qidan Liao country" in Qidan characters, and "Qidan" is placed before "Liao"; Any period in which the title of the country is called "Liao" in Chinese literature is called "Liao Qidan country" in Qidan characters, and "Liao" is placed before "Qidan".

Many cultural relics with Khitan characters are fakes.

Mr. Liu Fengzhu pointed out that all the items with Khitan characters that can be seen in the market from unknown sources, such as epitaphs, Buddhist scriptures, Buddha statues, gold prints, printed prints, calligraphy, paintings, bronze mirrors, seals, coins, silk fabrics, wooden movable types and copper movable types, are fakes. Especially printed materials such as wooden movable type, people with a little printing knowledge can judge them as fakes. Because movable types are all piled up in a box with the same word, they can be easily picked up. However, movable types on the market are all mixed in a box at sixes and sevens, which does not meet the minimum printing knowledge and must be a fake.

During the Spring Festival of 2007, Beijing Stone Carving Art Museum is going to buy an epitaph with the characters of Khitan from a cultural relic dealer for 60,000 yuan. The museum asked Mr. Liu to go for identification. Mr. Liu knew it was a fake when he saw the epitaph cover. He explained that the Khitan people only had two surnames, the royal family’s surname was Yelu and the queen’s surname was Xiao. The statement of "Yelu" rarely appears in the epitaph of the royal family, and it is generally referred to as "horizontal account". The second line of the epitaph cover is written with "horizontal account", indicating that the owner of the tomb is a royal family, and it is also written with "national uncle", indicating that the owner of the tomb is a descendant. How can a person be both a royal family (surname Yelu) and a descendant (surname Xiao)? Therefore, the epitaph must be a fake.

Without the consciousness of counterfeiting and the ability to distinguish, it is the easiest to be deceived. Mr. Liu Fengzhu admits that he has been cheated himself. Therefore, he warned you that you must first ask about the source of cultural relics when appraising, and all items with unknown origin (ancestral or collected) and Khitan characters are fakes.

Before sudden death, people who died suddenly seemed to be in a very normal state of health. Why did they just leave? Sudden death often leaves infinite regrets for relatives and friends. In fact, sudden death is also a precursor, but friends and relatives around you often ignore it.

1. Repeated gastrointestinal symptoms: check that there is no gastrointestinal disease but frequent diarrhea, which may be caused by myocardial infarction and one of the signs of sudden death. When myocardial infarction occurs, there will be insufficient blood supply in the whole body, which will make the gastrointestinal tract unable to peristalsis and cause indigestion or diarrhea.

2. I often feel tired and tired inexplicably: Some people are full and have not done strenuous exercise, but they are extremely tired. This means that it may be a sign of myocardial infarction, so we should pay more attention to avoiding sudden death.

3. Chest tightness: When the chest frequently has severe contraction and crushing pain, and you feel breathless, you should be vigilant. We should also pay attention to the aggravation of symptoms of those who already have chest tightness. When you often feel chest tightness after exercise, you will feel relieved after rest, which may be coronary heart disease; Chest tightness is often aggravated suddenly, which may be caused by plaque accumulation in the cardiovascular system. Be careful of myocardial infarction caused by plaque rupture and lead to sudden death.

4. Unexplained pain: shoulder, neck, chin, throat and arm pain, which is a warning sign of myocardial infarction and ischemia, because when the information of myocardial ischemia pain is transmitted to the central nervous system of the brain, the pain information will be synchronously reflected in these parts, so you must seek medical attention as soon as possible!

5. Frequent palpitation: Palpitation means that the rhythm of the heartbeat is like beating a drum, or the heartbeat is sometimes fast and sometimes slow. Occasional palpitations are normal, but frequent palpitations may be heart fibrillation, which is caused by injured and anoxic myocardial tissue after myocardial infarction, which may cause sudden death in a short time.

6. Black eyes and numbness of unilateral and bilateral limbs often appear: these phenomena represent that there may be problems with the cerebral vessels, especially when patients with hypertension or coronary heart disease have this symptom, which may also induce myocardial infarction, all of which are murderers who cause sudden death.

7. Night sweats: If you don’t do strenuous exercise, but you are prone to sweating for a long time, this is a warning sign of heart disease, decreased blood output and hyperactivity of sympathetic nerves. Especially before a heart attack, the scalp, neck, back, hands and feet will sweat a lot. You should stop your activities immediately, take medicine immediately, and even call an ambulance to send you to hospital urgently!

8. Frequent dizziness and fainting: In patients with heart disease, if frequent dizziness or even fainting occurs, it may be caused by slow heartbeat or sudden stop, which makes the blood supply in the brain insufficient. Most patients can wake up after fainting, but if they can’t recover, it will easily lead to sudden death.

9. Breathlessness and purple lips: If you are engaged in long-term standing or sedentary work, you should pay attention to those who lead to poor blood circulation. When the pain is accompanied by suffocation, purple lips, cyanosis and decreased blood oxygen, it is necessary to be careful to prevent sudden death caused by pulmonary embolism.

10. Insomnia and being awakened: If you don’t get enough sleep for a long time, it will make your mind and body weak and increase the risk of sudden coronary death. If you are awakened during sleep, it will increase the risk of sudden death at night.

People with family history, cerebrovascular disease, or several cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors should pay special attention to the occurrence of the above symptoms. People without basic diseases should also pay special attention to and seek medical attention in time if they have the above symptoms.

　　China Securities Network News (Reporter Li Lingxi) Huawei Pura70 series mobile phones, which have attracted much attention in the industry, have arrived. On April 18th, Huawei Terminal announced that "HUAWEl Pura 70 Series Pioneer Plan" was launched today, and HUAWEl Pura 70 Ultra and HUAWEl Pura 70 Pro will be put on sale at 10:08.

　　According to Huawei’s terminal introduction, Pura 70 series is equipped with the new HarmonyOS 4.2, and the Beidou satellite message is upgraded to support sending picture messages. At the same time, the whole department supports AI remote control, intelligent payment, and access to Pangu big model, bringing more intelligent applications such as A1 elimination and A1 cloud enhancement.

　　Shanghai securities news reporter saw in Huawei Mall that the price of HUAWEl Pura 70 series starts at 5499 yuan. HUAWEl Pura 70 Ultra and HUAWEl Pura 70 Pro display "temporarily out of stock" as soon as they are on sale. The sales page of HUAWEl Pura 70 shows that it will start at 10:08 on April 22nd.

　　CCTV News:At 18: 00 on December 13th, the Central Meteorological Observatory issued a yellow warning for blizzard, yellow warning for cold wave, yellow warning for freezing and blue warning for gale.

　　The Central Meteorological Observatory at 18: 00 on December 13thcontinueRelease blizzardyellowColor warning:

　　It is estimated that from 20: 00 on December 13th to 20: 00 on December 14th, there will be heavy blizzards in Hetao area of Inner Mongolia, northwestern and central Shaanxi, eastern Qinling, southwestern Shanxi, northwestern Hubei, central and western Henan, central and southern Hebei, southwestern Beijing, northern and western Shandong, northeastern Liaoning and other places, among which there will be heavy blizzards or extremely heavy blizzards (30-35mm) in western Henan and eastern Qinling of Shaanxi. The depth of newly added snow in some areas above is 5-10 cm, and the local area can reach more than 18 cm.

　　It is estimated that there will be heavy snow in northwestern Hubei, central and eastern Henan, most of Shandong, eastern Liaoning and eastern Jilin from 20: 00 on December 14th to 20: 00 on December 15th, and there will be heavy snow (10 ~ 13mm) in the local area. The depth of newly added snow in some areas above is 5-10 cm, and the local area can reach more than 15 cm.

　　Central Meteorological Observatory (in China)At 18: 00 on December 13th.continueRelease a cold waveyellowColor warning:

　　It is predicted that from the night of December 13th to 16th, a strong cold wave will start in Xinjiang, and affect China from west to east and from north to south. In most areas, northerly winds of magnitude 4 ~ 6 will appear successively, and the temperature will drop by 8 ~ 12℃. The temperature will drop by more than 14℃ in parts of northwest China, central and western Inner Mongolia, western and southern North China, northern Huanghuai and eastern Jianghuai, Jiangnan, most of southern China and Guizhou. There are 9 ~ 10 winds and 12 ~ 13 gusts in Shankou area of Xinjiang, and 6 ~ 8 winds and 9 ~ 10 gusts in the eastern and southern sea areas. On the morning of 17th, the lowest temperature line of 0℃ can be pressed south to southern Guizhou and northern Jiangnan, and the line of -10℃ is located from northern Huanghuai to Qinling. The lowest temperature in some areas of North China, northern Huanghuai and other places will approach or fall below the historical extreme value in the same period.

　　Among them, from 20: 00 on December 13th to 20: 00 on December 15th, there will be a temperature drop of 8 ~ 12℃ in central and eastern Xinjiang, central and western Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, north-central Shaanxi and northwestern Shanxi, and the local temperature drop in Gansu, Hetao area of Inner Mongolia and northwestern Shaanxi can reach more than 14℃.

　　The Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue a frozen yellow warning at 10: 00 on December 13th:

　　It is estimated that there will be freezing rain in parts of southern Shaanxi and eastern Qinling, southwestern Shanxi, northern and western Henan, southern Hebei, central Shandong and northwestern Hubei from 14: 00 on December 13th to 14: 00 on December 14th.

　　Central Meteorological Observatory (in China)twelvemoon13sun18When the gale blue warning is issued:

　　It is estimated that from 20: 00 on December 13th to 20: 00 on 14th, some areas in eastern Xinjiang and southern Xinjiang basin, central and western Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, western Tibet, Qinghai and other places will have strong winds of 5-6 grades and gusts of 7-8 grades, among which, some areas in Shankou area of Xinjiang, western Qinghai and northwestern Tibet have strong winds of 7-9 grades and gusts of 10-11 grades; There will be strong winds of 7-8 grades and gusts of 9 grades in the Bohai Sea and parts of the northeastern South China Sea.

　　From 20: 00 on December 14 to 20: 00 on December 15, there were strong winds of 5~6 and gusts of 7~9 in parts of central and western Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, western Tibet, eastern and southern Qinghai; There will be strong winds of 7-8 grades and gusts of 9 grades in the Bohai Sea, the Bohai Strait, most of the Yellow Sea and the western part of the East China Sea, with winds of 9 grades and gusts of 10 grades in some parts of the northeastern Bohai Sea.

During the Anti-Japanese War, Japanese germ warfare poisoned Jiangnan.

Xinhua News Agency reporters Feng Yuan, Xu Shunda, Gu Xiaoli and Hua Hongli

When it comes to the 731st unit of the Japanese invaders (referred to as the 731st unit), people will think of the evil deeds committed by this "demon unit" in the northeast of China.

During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Unit 731 and its associates also committed countless crimes in Zhejiang and other places.

unexpected calamity

Hu Xianzhong, a citizen of Ningbo, is 89 years old. He still can’t forget the scene of his family’s tragic death in unexpected trouble 81 years ago. In November 1940, his sister, brother, father and mother died of plague in 10 days.

The culprit is the Japanese bacterial weapon. The book "Special Study of Japanese Bacteriological Warfare in Zhejiang" published in 2015 by committee of cpc zhejiang provincial committee Party History Research Office records that on the afternoon of October 27th, 1940, a Japanese plane dropped wheat and millet over Kaiming Street.

"It rained that day, and all the wheat and millet that had fallen on the roof rushed into the water tank where the people received the rain." Hu xianzhong said.

A few days later, the owner of the soybean milk shop next door to Hu’s family died of illness, and Hu Xianzhong’s sister also had a fever. "At first, her parents thought that she was a cold fever (malaria), and the hospital also treated her as malaria. As a result, on the third day, she was swollen with perm, red skin and swollen lymph nodes, and she didn’t make it that night. Then the younger brother, father and mother … "

According to incomplete statistics, there are 135 local people who died of this epidemic, only with names. In order to prevent the spread of the epidemic, all the houses in Kaiming Street epidemic area were burned down.

On September 7th, Qiu Weizhong, the family member of the victims of Japanese germ warfare, pointed out the former site of Hu Xianzhong’s home in Kaiming Street (zebra crossing location) for the reporter. Xinhua News Agency reporter Feng Yuanshe

There is a two-story wooden building at No.5 Luohanjing in Quzhou City. Its former hostess, Huang Liao, was the first local plague patient killed after the Japanese army launched a germ war. Today, it is the Quzhou Exhibition Hall for the Bacteriological Warfare of the Japanese Invaders, and has been listed in the first batch of national-level memorial facilities and sites for the Anti-Japanese War. A stone pillar stands in the courtyard, engraved with the big black letter "1940".

"My uncle and aunt also died in the Japanese germ war in 1940." Curator Wu Jianping pointed to a wall with the names of the victims outside the exhibition hall and told reporters.

crime

"In 1940, 1942 and 1944, the Japanese army carried out large-scale germ warfare in Zhejiang. For example, when the Japanese army launched the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign in May 1942, it used to cast bacterial weapons. " Bao Xiaofeng, a second-level inspector and researcher at the committee of cpc zhejiang provincial committee Party History and Literature Research Office, said.

Bao Xiaofeng told reporters that in addition to these three large-scale attacks, from 1939 to 1945, the Japanese army carried out bacterial attacks in Zhejiang many times, releasing plague, cholera, paratyphoid fever, dysentery, diphtheria, anthrax and other germs. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Zhejiang was one of the areas that suffered the most from germ warfare in China. The Japanese germ warfare directly caused about 60,000 deaths. The implementers are mainly the 731 troops and the "Rong" 1644 troops.

In Chongshan Village, Choujiang Street, Yiwu City, there was a terrible evil deed in Linshan Temple near the village. In November, 1942, Japanese germ warfare troops tricked plague patients into Linshan Temple for human experiments under the guise of treating diseases.

This is a monument erected at the gate of Linshan Temple, which was photographed on September 8th. Xinhua News Agency reporter Feng Yuanshe

Wang Jianzheng, a villager in Chongshan Village, told reporters that his great-grandmother and uncle both died in that disaster. "Wang Julian, the midwife who delivered my baby, was also caught in the temple and later escaped from the pit of the cesspit. She told my mother that my uncle died in the temple. "

On September 8, Wang Jianzheng, a villager from Chongshan Village, Choujiang Street, Yiwu City, pointed to the name of Wang Fang (Uncle Wang Jianzheng), a plague victim on the wall. Xinhua News Agency reporter Feng Yuanshe

According to a thorough investigation by Zhejiang Provincial Archives Bureau, there are 79 volumes and about 7,000 pages of files in the archives of Zhejiang Provincial Archives, including the details of the Japanese army’s use of aircraft and sending people to spread poisons on the spot, the investigation of the Japanese army’s germ warfare by the official institutions at that time, the monthly registration forms of epidemic diseases in various places and the countermeasures in various places, forming a complete and powerful evidence chain.

always remember

Ningbo, Yiwu and Quzhou have all built memorial facilities to expose the crimes of germ warfare committed by Japanese invaders and to remember the victims. In the exhibition hall of plague disaster in Kaiming Street, Qiu Weizhong, a family member of the victims who has collected historical materials for many years, brought a batch of copies of old newspapers: "From the historical materials collected so far, apart from Kaiming Street, Ningbo has been attacked by Japanese bacterial weapons in many places."

The exhibition hall (Yiwu) of the Historical Facts of Bacteriological Warfare of Japanese Invaders near Linshan Temple is open to the public this year. As the legal representative of the Association of Survivors of Bacteriological War Victims of Japanese Invaders in Yiwu, Wang Jianzheng often goes to the museum to have a look. He said that he hoped that more people would understand this historical fact.

In addition to serving as the curator of Quzhou Exhibition Hall for Bacteriological Warfare of Japanese Invaders, Wu Jianping also has a job, which is to provide voluntary service for the old people who suffered from "foot rot" during the Anti-Japanese War. At that time, many people suffered from a "rotten foot disease" wherever the Japanese army went.

In Xiakou Village, Xiachuan Town, Qujiang District, Quzhou City, Wu Fagui, an 83-year-old farmer, began to fester on his left calf and left foot from the age of four or five. "There is a Yao family ancestral temple in our village. At that time, China troops were stationed in the ancestral temple, and Japanese planes came to bomb it. Listening to the old people, everyone fled to the mountain and saw a bomb explode in the pond. " Wu Xiaorong, the son of Wu Fagui, pointed to a pond at the door and told the reporter, "My father was stabbed in the grass by the pond when he was a child, and then his feet began to rot."

In 2015, Wang Xuan, a part-time researcher at the Tokyo Judicial Research Center of Shanghai Jiaotong University, launched a public fundraising activity of "Rescue for Patients with Rotten Foot by Bacteriological Warfare" on the Internet through the China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation and the Shanghai Wang Zhengguo Trauma Medicine Development Foundation, and raised medical funds for patients with Rotten Foot for surgical treatment.

"Our surgical treatment was officially launched on September 18, 2015." Ye Chunjiang, deputy director of the Wound Repair Department of Quhua Hospital in Zhejiang Province, recalled that they had treated 87 patients in Quzhou and other places, and all of them were operated except for 7 who could not go to the operating table due to physical reasons. "I am very pleased to see that the wounds that have been repeatedly ulcerated on the legs of the old people are slowly healing."

Wu Fagui was the first old man to undergo surgery. Now, except for the occasional ulceration on his left foot, the "rotten foot disease" has basically recovered, and he often walks around the village with crutches. Wu Xiaorong said happily: "Dad has suffered for decades, and now he is finally comfortable."

(Xinhua News Agency, Hangzhou, September 18th)

Seven departments, including Beijing Medical Insurance Bureau, recently jointly issued the "Implementation Opinions on Improving the Medical Insurance and Assistance System for Serious and Serious Diseases", proposing that starting from 2023, there will be no minimum payment standard for medical assistance, and the ceiling line for family assistance caused by illness will be raised from 80,000 yuan to 150,000 yuan, and the proportion of assistance will remain unchanged.

It is clear in the implementation opinions that there will be no deductible standard for medical assistance from 2023. The outpatient and inpatient medical expenses borne by individuals within the scope of basic medical insurance reimbursement are all included in the scope of medical assistance in Beijing. Medical assistance covers all needy workers and urban and rural residents who have heavy medical expenses and have Beijing household registration and participate in basic medical insurance, as well as social assistance objects such as poor, low-income and low-income people who have participated in basic medical insurance as recognized by the civil affairs department. At the same time, all social assistance objects participating in employee medical insurance and residents’ medical insurance are given equal assistance, realizing full coverage of Beijing household registration personnel. The implementation opinions will be implemented as of January 1, 2023. If there is any inconsistency between the medical assistance policy and the implementation opinions, the implementation opinions shall prevail.

The objects of medical assistance in Beijing are divided into two categories: the first category is social assistance objects, including destitute dependents and educated youth who are disabled due to work (illness) and returned to the city under the management of civil affairs departments; In the early 1960s, the civil affairs department managed to streamline retired old workers who enjoyed 40% of the original salary; The minimum living security object and the subsidy personnel for living difficulties; Urban and rural low-income family rescuers. The second category is the seriously ill patients from poor families due to illness, that is, the registered permanent residents in Beijing and their family members who live together have serious difficulties in their basic life because they do not meet the conditions for the identification of social assistance objects in Beijing, and their medical expenses are relatively high in a natural year. After basic medical insurance, serious illness insurance, commercial insurance reimbursement and various kinds of assistance, the medical expenses borne by the family exceed the family’s affordability.

The medical expenses incurred by social assistance recipients during medical treatment, after being reimbursed by basic medical insurance and serious illness insurance, can enjoy three types of assistance according to the policy: outpatient assistance, hospitalization assistance, and assistance for seriously ill patients in poor families due to illness. In the outpatient service, the poor dependents in the social assistance object, the educated youth who are disabled and return to the city because of work (illness) managed by the civil affairs department, and the personal burden within the scope of the policy are given assistance according to 100%, and there is no maximum payment limit for annual assistance; Among the social assistance objects, the retired old workers who enjoyed 40% of the original salary in the early 1960s managed by the civil affairs department were reduced, and the personal burden within the policy scope was given 80%, without setting the maximum payment limit for annual assistance; In addition to the above-mentioned personnel, the social assistance object will be given assistance according to 80% of the personal burden within the policy scope, and the maximum payment limit for annual assistance is 8,000 yuan.

In terms of hospitalization assistance, the poor dependents in the social assistance object and the educated youth who are disabled due to work (illness) managed by the civil affairs department will be given assistance according to 100% of the personal burden within the scope of the policy, and there is no annual maximum payment limit for assistance; Among the social assistance objects, the retired old workers who enjoyed 40% of the original salary in the early 1960s managed by the civil affairs department were reduced, and the personal burden within the policy scope was given 85%, with no annual maximum payment limit for assistance; In addition to the above-mentioned personnel, the social assistance object will be given assistance according to 85% of the personal burden within the policy scope, and the maximum payment limit for annual assistance is 160,000 yuan.

After deducting the basic medical insurance, serious illness insurance, commercial insurance reimbursement and various kinds of assistance, the personal burden part within the policy scope will be given medical assistance in stages according to the proportion of 30% below 30,000 yuan (inclusive), 40% above 30,000 yuan to 50,000 yuan (inclusive) and 50% above 50,000 yuan.

In addition, for the social assistance recipients who have been referred for the first visit at the grass-roots level, the hospitalization in the designated medical institutions of basic medical insurance in Beijing will be "paid after the first visit", and their hospitalization deposit will be completely exempted. For those who did not participate in Beijing’s basic medical insurance in the implementation opinions, after being reimbursed by other cities’ basic medical insurance, the outpatient and inpatient medical expenses borne by individuals within the policy scope can be given assistance according to the above corresponding categories of assistance standards.

　　[Aika car]　New energy channel　Original]

　　For a long time, Toyota’s dual-engine system has undoubtedly become one of the best hybrid systems in the world. However, there are still many consumers who think that it only plays a role in saving fuel when facing the dual-engine model. If you understand the technical advantages and ingenuity behind the Toyota dual-engine system, I believe your point of view will change. In this 2019 Toyota technical space, we will have an in-depth understanding of the Toyota PHEV hybrid system through Corolla/Ralink E+.

　　There is little difference in technology between Guangzhou Automobile Toyota Ralink Twin Engine E+ and FAW Toyota La Rolla E+, which can be used as reference for each other. As the author mainly experienced the Ralink Twin Engine E+, this paper mainly introduces the Ralink Twin Engine E+.

　　Driving experience of Leiling Shuangqing E+.

　　Electronic control (PCU)

　

On the first day of the new year, Jin Dong Song Jia’s new drama "Even if there is a flurry" was first launched, with Beijing Satellite TV, Jiangsu Satellite TV, Tencent Video and Iqiyi broadcasting, which can be regarded as the channel configuration of the last star drama!

The premiere ratings are the first, and it seems that there is nothing to play in the recent star drama!

Cat’s eye heat is the fourth, and the heat is not bad. Are they all scolded?

Douban’s comments received a flood of bad reviews, mainly saying that Jin Dong’s performance as a tyrant and veteran cadre for ten years was still full of dad’s flavor, which was very unpleasant!

Song Jia’s crazy batch of beautiful women, the behavior logic is also very unreasonable!

Do you have to engage in gender opposition in entrepreneurial workplace dramas?

After watching 6 episodes, I think it’s ok, I can watch it!

Feel free to analyze the slots of the first two episodes!

1. The dress of public relations company is really a little old-fashioned!

The employees of the male owner Tang Chen’s public relations company are either white shirts or suits, like real estate agents, which really don’t conform to people’s cognition of public relations companies!

2.46-year-old Jin Dong is obviously old. It’s not like playing a boss in his thirties!

The skin condition is very bad, and my face is getting fat!

3. The heroine played by Song Jia taught others at the wedding dress shop at the beginning, which is a bit too much!

As soon as the hostess appeared in the bridal shop, she saw a woman trying on a wedding dress, the man playing games, and the woman didn’t answer his opinion!

The hostess couldn’t help lecturing the man: She didn’t make up her mind before asking you. Did you have a good look at her?

Then tell the woman: the wedding is your own, what you wear is up to you, and you don’t have to ask him everything!

The hostess is really too nosy, even if she doesn’t like it, can’t she be so direct?

How about another way?

4. Why do public relations companies use so much paper?

Subordinate sends a planning case to the boss, don’t you use PPT?

Why print it out? Don’t you waste paper?

5. Does the man trust the woman too much? Trade secrets and passwords?

The male host and the female host belong to different public relations companies, and they are competitors. The male host also easily reveals the customer’s situation and his own account passwords, which provides opportunities for the female host to grab customers and expose information!

Since it is set by elite people, can’t it be elite in the end?

Expose your weaknesses casually?

The hostess not only taught strangers a lesson, but also taught her fiance a lesson. She didn’t look at the last straw that people were about to close down, and said not to cooperate with Xi Xing!

Two career strongmen, both like to preach, but the man is a head lower in front of the woman!

Double strong doesn’t seem to be suitable?

Especially peers!

6. The man has gone to Xi Xing to preside over crisis public relations. Why does the woman have to write a plan and prepare to cut off Hu?

Two people happen to coincide to make the same plan!

The man is the boss, and the company is about to close down, just waiting for this single help!

The woman is an employee of another company. Is it really necessary to kill the man in order to climb up?

Even if he went to the wedding dress shop and stood him up, he wouldn’t die, would he?

7. Does the public relations company ask the capable subordinates to be promoted or resigned?

Because the public relations plan issued by the female host is the same as the operation of the male host company, the company suspects that the female host disclosed it to the male host, so it requires her to either resign and get married or break up and get promoted!

Is this reasonable?

If the two people’s plans are consistent, must the woman reveal the plan to the man?

Can’t the woman copy the man’s?

Can’t it be that two heroes think alike?

The hostess can’t talk very well at ordinary times, so why didn’t she explain it again?

The two haven’t seen each other for several days, and each of them has done his own thing. It can only be said that it happened by chance!

It is unreasonable for the company to do so!

The reaction of the hostess is also unreasonable. Why is she led by the boss?

Why can’t you explain, why can’t you resist, why can’t you quit, find another job, or help the man tide over the difficulties?

8. The man is really macho, but the woman is too arrogant!

The woman asked the man, do you want to break up and get promoted or resign and get married?

The man said firmly: resign and get married, I will support you!

He said that this is the most sensible thing to do, and it is indeed a sensible thing to do. After all, the man is the boss of the company, raising so many people, and if he makes money, he can earn more money, while the woman only works for others, and her resignation only involves herself!

However, his expression method makes the hostess feel very disrespected. After three years of love, she didn’t even know that the hostess was a strong woman?

How is it possible for you to keep it?

The hostess originally wanted to listen to her attitude, but the one who was in a hurry could only say that she broke up!

And she chose to break up and get promoted, which she felt could realize her self-worth!

But have you two publicists ever thought about the third option, that is, the hostess resigns and finds another company?

Since the business level is so good, can’t you find another job?

There is a fourth option. After the woman resigns, she joins the male company. The male company is facing a bankruptcy crisis. Can’t the two of them work together to tide over the difficulties?

Do you have to engage in internal friction?

Many people hate the man because of this paragraph, but I don’t think so!

First of all, it is indeed the most sensible thing to let the woman resign. Secondly, isn’t most men male chauvinism in reality?

Do you have to beautify men in film and television dramas?

"Courtyard of the County Party Committee" beautifies the leadership, and everyone doesn’t like it. Is it true that "Even if there is a flurry" beautifies men, everyone likes it?

This paragraph is deliberately creating conflicts, and this is also the basis for the subsequent development of this drama!

If the foundation is gone, the follow-up story may not exist!

Building a house on an unreasonable basis can the house be solid?

Two strong men are set up, their preferences are similar, they are easy to approach and conflict, so some people think that complementarity is the most stable!

For example, if the man is a male chauvinist, he must not find a strong woman. Wouldn’t it be harmonious to find a small woman?

If a woman is a strong woman, she can’t find a male chauvinist and a man who can respect women, right?

So male chauvinism is not discovered now, is it?

You haven’t found out after three years of love?

You didn’t find out until you talked about marriage?

This is not reasonable!

True male chauvinism will be reflected in all aspects and details. It is impossible for the two to get married three years ago!

9. When a woman breaks up, she breaks up. Why should she ruin the man?

The original crisis has been solved, and Mr. Ye personally delivered the purchase contract, so the male company won’t have to go bankrupt when it is acquired!

And the video was sent out with the male main account!

This is obviously what the hostess did, right?

Or a hacker?

Hacked the male master account and exposed the video?

Mr. Ye asked the male owner to solve it within 24 hours, and there is still talk about the acquisition!

The woman insisted on asking him to try on the wedding dress at this time, but the man couldn’t get rid of it and had to go. The woman kept asking: Will you marry me?

The man always wanted to know why the woman wanted to hurt him.

The hostess only said: if there is one person to sacrifice, it can only be you!

The woman recalled the scene of her father’s death. Is it related to the man’s death?

Otherwise, it would be too unreasonable!

Of course, some people’s brains can’t be calculated according to normal people, such as mental derangement, abnormal condition and so on!

The heroine of this play is a crazy beauty, so it seems normal to do anything out of line!

The above are the slots of the first two episodes. I still feel that I can watch it without taking stock. After taking stock, I feel that it is good to look at it as a joke, but it is not funny at all, but it is quite abusive!

You see so many slots, will you still see them?

# Jin Dong #

Jing Jian Fa [2022] No.11

All relevant units:

　　In order to implement the requirements of Beijing Standard for Energy-saving Design of Residential Buildings (DB11/891), strengthen the quality management of the exterior window project of newly-built residential buildings, and ensure that its performance, function and safety meet the relevant specifications, standards and design requirements, relevant matters are hereby notified as follows in accordance with the Regulations on Quality Management of Construction Projects and other relevant laws and regulations, aiming at the problems existing in the exterior window project of our city:

　　A, the construction unit should strengthen the quality management of the window project.

　　(a) take overall responsibility for the quality of the external window project, and shall not reduce the quality of the external window project, and must ensure the use function and safety of the external window.

　　(II) Within the same residential project built by the same real estate development enterprise, affordable housing and ordinary commercial housing should be consistent in the design standards of external window profile material and air tightness, water tightness, wind pressure resistance, heat transfer coefficient, external window shading coefficient and sound insulation performance.

　　(3) Before the structural construction, the design unit, supervision unit, construction general contracting unit and exterior window production enterprise shall be organized to jointly review the design drawings and exterior window deepening design drawings, focusing on the contents involved in Article 2 of Part II of this Notice, and form a design drawing review confirmation record. Negotiations on the change of building energy-saving effect need to be reviewed by the original construction drawing review institution, and legal and effective change procedures should be handled before formal construction.

　　(4) The external window project shall be brought into the management of the general contractor, and the external window project shall not be directly contracted out, and the general contractor shall not be required to purchase or install external windows that do not meet the requirements of the design drawings.

　　(5) Before the exterior windows enter the site in large quantities, the design unit, supervision unit and general construction contractor shall be organized to check the size, framing, opening mode, profile material, frame material color, glass type and color, glass and air layer thickness, air tightness, water tightness and wind pressure resistance of the sample windows of the same manufacturer, the same variety (aluminum alloy windows, plastic steel windows, etc.) and the same type (sliding windows, casement windows, etc.).

　　(6) According to the Notice of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development on Printing and Distributing the Measures for Publicity of Civil Building Energy Conservation Information (J.K. [2008] No.116), the heat transfer coefficient, comprehensive shading coefficient and energy-saving performance identification of various types of external windows used should be publicized at the construction site (such as the model room) (if the external window has obtained the energy-saving performance identification certificate, the certificate number should be publicized; if the energy-saving performance identification certificate has not been obtained, it should be marked as none.

　　(7) The air tightness, water tightness, wind pressure resistance, heat transfer coefficient, shading coefficient and sound insulation performance of the external window shall be specified in the house sales contract.

　　Second, the design unit should strengthen the quality management of exterior window engineering design.

　　(1) The design unit should give priority to the exterior windows with standard specifications and sizes in the current atlas, and the exterior windows and accessories promoted and used in the current Catalogue of Building Materials Promoted, Restricted and Prohibited in Beijing, and it is strictly forbidden to choose the exterior windows and accessories prohibited in the current Catalogue of Building Materials Promoted, Restricted and Prohibited in Beijing.

　　(2) The design unit shall strictly implement the relevant national, industrial and local standards for doors and windows for design, and the depth of design drawings shall meet the design requirements of construction drawings in the Provisions on the Depth of Design Documents for Building Engineering, and specify the size and frame, opening mode, profile material, frame material color, glass type and color, glass and air layer thickness, air tightness, water tightness, wind resistance, heat transfer coefficient and shading coefficient of external windows in the design drawings (for example, When selecting the external window atlas, the atlas number, reference page number, terms and node number shall be indicated in the design drawings.

　　(III) Third-party organizations in the construction drawing review and spot check shall check the contents of the above-mentioned mandatory standards for engineering construction.

　　Three, the construction general contractor should strengthen the quality management of external window engineering.

　　(a) responsible for the construction quality of the external window project. External windows that meet the requirements of design drawings, specifications and standards shall be purchased.

　　(two) can be installed outside the window. When entrusting other enterprises to install external windows, they should sign the External Window Installation Contract with the entrusted enterprises; The entrusted enterprise shall obtain the Business License of the company as a legal person and have certain technical strength and management ability for external window installation, and each project management department shall be equipped with professionals who meet the needs of safety and quality management and have on-site installation management experience, including no less than two builders and quality engineers, and no less than one full-time security officer, and shall be included in the management of the general construction contractor. Full-time security officers should obtain the safety production assessment certificate issued by the provincial construction administrative department.

　　Encourage the use of integrated production and installation of external windows.

　　(3) Before the structure construction, the Construction Scheme for Exterior Window Project shall be compiled according to the design drawings and relevant specifications, and implemented after being audited by the supervision unit. The Construction Plan for Exterior Window Project should specify the treatment measures for exterior window openings, the connection between window frames (or attached frames) and walls, the waterproof, sealing and thermal insulation practices around exterior windows, and specify whether to install attached frames, set tongue and groove, etc., as well as the prevention measures for common quality defects such as leakage in exterior window projects. If the size of the hole of the structure is enlarged or the mouth of the cave is tongue-and-groove due to the installation of the attached frame, the construction can only be started after the design unit agrees and negotiates the engineering change.

　　Four, the parties involved in the construction should strengthen the management of the acceptance of the outside window.

　　(a) outside the window should be the whole window comes into play. After the exterior window enters the site, the general contractor shall check the product certificate, compulsory product certification certificate of safety glass, factory inspection report and type inspection report of exterior window and materials used for exterior window (profiles, glass, sealing materials, hardware and other agreed materials), and check the appearance quality against the sample window. The safety glass must have a compulsory certification mark (CCC mark), and report it to the supervision unit for acceptance after passing the inspection; For exterior windows that have obtained the identification certificate of energy-saving performance of doors and windows, the relevant materials, accessories and node structures should be checked against the identification certificate and calculation report.

　　Before the installation and construction of exterior windows, the construction unit shall, under the witness of the supervision unit, randomly select 3 exterior windows with representative specifications (focusing on sampling the exterior windows of the living room) from the exterior windows of the same manufacturer, same material, same opening method and same profile series, and entrust a qualified testing unit to test their wind pressure resistance, water tightness, air tightness, heat transfer coefficient, sunlight transmittance and sunlight reflectance of light-transmitting and partially light-transmitting shading materials. External windows that have not been re-examined or failed to pass the re-examination shall not be installed.

　　The certificate of external window shall include: project name, material, opening mode, profile series, size, quantity, color and production date; Implementation standards; Signature of inspector; Name, address, telephone number, quality inspection stamp, etc. of the manufacturer.

　　(2) The general construction contractor shall ensure the authenticity of the external window for inspection, and shall not resort to deceit to send the external window for inspection, and shall not send the external window for inspection by the external window production enterprise or entrust a second interview, and shall keep the photos of the external window witness sampling inspection in the technical data.

　　(3) The entrusted test sheet and witness record of the external window shall be filled with information such as project name, manufacturer’s name, material, opening mode, profile series, size, quantity, inspection items and inspection requirements, and ensure that the information filled in meets the design requirements.

　　Five, the parties involved in the construction should strengthen the construction quality management of the external window project.

　　(1) Exterior window installers should have certain exterior window installation skills. Before installation, the general construction contractor shall make disclosure to the builder, quality engineer, full-time security officer and exterior window installers.

　　(2) The construction general contractor shall make the physical model of the construction technology for the opening treatment of external windows in different parts, such as balcony external windows, bay windows and bedroom external windows, the connection between window frames (or attached frames) and the waterproof, sealing and thermal insulation around external windows. The construction unit shall organize the design, construction general contracting, supervision and other units to check and accept the physical model of the construction technology, and the construction of large-area external windows can only be carried out after the acceptance records are formed.

　　(3) The general contractor of the construction shall carry out the construction of the outer window opening according to the design requirements. Size of the hole allowable deviation should meet the specification requirements; Do not meet the requirements, must first according to the "outside window engineering construction scheme" for the hole processing, and after the acceptance of supervision, can be attached to the frame or window frame installation. When the external wall is a filler wall, the filler wall around the hole should be treated according to the design requirements.

　　(4) The general contractor of construction shall carry out the construction of external windows in strict accordance with the requirements of the physical model of construction technology, and shall ensure that the connection between the window frame (or attached frame) and the waterproof, sealing and thermal insulation practices around the external windows meet the requirements of the design drawings, and can only be concealed after passing the acceptance by the supervision unit window by window. The concealed works should retain video images throughout the whole process to ensure firm installation and no leakage.

　　Six, all parties involved in the construction should strengthen the quality acceptance and warranty management of the external window project.

　　(1) Before the acceptance of the external window project, the construction unit shall organize the general contractor and the supervision unit to formulate the External Window Watering Test Plan, and determine the sampling quantity, test method and acceptance standard, etc. The sampling quantity of the unit project should be not less than 10% of the total number of external windows and not less than 3 inches, and the balcony external windows, bay windows and bedroom external windows should be selected and evenly distributed. The general contractor of construction shall, under the witness of the supervision unit, carry out the water spraying test for external windows according to the Water Spraying Test Scheme for External Windows. If the water spraying test is unqualified, the general contractor shall inspect and rectify the unqualified external windows and the external windows in the same use position, and carry out the water spraying test again until it is qualified. The construction general contractor and the supervision unit shall form a record of the external window water spraying test, and keep the image data of the external window water spraying test.

　　After the water drenching test of the external window is qualified, the construction unit shall entrust a qualified testing unit to randomly select the external window for on-site physical testing of its air tightness and water tightness under the witness of the supervision unit, and no unit shall resort to deceit to dispose the sampled external window in advance before testing. The sampling quantity of the unit project is two groups of 6-inch external windows with the same material, the same opening method and the same profile series, and the external windows with different specifications and sizes in the living room should be mainly selected and evenly distributed. The unqualified exterior windows are directly judged as unqualified. The construction unit shall organize the design, construction general contracting, supervision unit and exterior window production enterprise to analyze the reasons and put forward rectification opinions. The construction general contracting unit shall rectify the unqualified exterior windows and exterior windows of the same specification and size according to the rectification opinions. After the rectification is completed, the inspection unit shall be entrusted to conduct physical inspection on the unqualified exterior windows and exterior windows of the same specification and size by random sampling, and only after passing the inspection can the inspection.

　　(two) the production enterprises of external windows should participate in the acceptance of external windows, and submit the Confirmation of the Supply of External Windows. The construction general contractor and supervision unit shall sign the Confirmation of External Window Supply and file it as the acceptance data of the external window project. If the production enterprise of external window fails to submit the Confirmation of External Window Supply, or the technical data of external window is inconsistent with the Confirmation of External Window Supply, the construction unit shall not conduct the acceptance of external window project.

　　The Confirmation of External Window Supply shall include: project name, project address, name of external window manufacturer, production date, implementation standard, supply date, material, opening mode, profile series, size and quantity.

　　(3) After the entity of the external window project has passed the inspection, the construction unit shall organize the design unit, the general contractor, the supervision unit and the external window production enterprise to accept the external window project, and form the Quality Control Checklist for the External Window Project (see Annex 1 for details).

　　(four) construction, construction general contracting units should strengthen the warranty management of external window engineering. The minimum warranty period for exterior window engineering is 2 years, and the minimum warranty period for exterior window leakage prevention is 5 years. The construction unit should actively organize the general contractor to repair or replace the quality problems such as exterior window leakage during the warranty period.

　　Seven, supervision units should strengthen the quality management of external window engineering.

　　The supervision unit shall check and accept the construction of the external window, witness the re-examination of the external window, the water spraying test of the external window and the entity detection of the external window, review the Construction Plan of the External Window Project, and sign the Confirmation of the Supply of the External Window for confirmation.

　　Eight, testing units should strengthen the management of external window engineering testing.

　　The inspection unit shall inspect the external window in strict accordance with the specifications, standards and entrustment requirements, and the inspection report shall have a clear inspection conclusion, and shall not forge the inspection data or issue a false inspection report. If the test results do not meet the requirements, the testing institution shall promptly report to the quality supervision institution corresponding to the project.

　　Nine, city, district housing and urban construction committee, the Municipal Planning and Natural Resources Committee, the branches should increase the supervision of the external window project.

　　(a) should strengthen the law enforcement inspection of the external window project. Relevant units found to violate the requirements of this notice shall be investigated and dealt with according to law, and the responsible units and responsible persons shall be scored according to the dynamic supervision and management measures of enterprise qualifications and personnel qualifications in Beijing; See annexes 2, 3 and 4 for the new scoring standards in this notice.

　　(2) We should intensify the investigation and punishment of the quality of interior and exterior windows during the warranty period. For the quality problems of external window leakage or unstable installation during the warranty period, the construction unit shall be ordered to organize the construction general contractor to repair or replace it. If the quality problem of leakage is caused by unqualified external windows purchased by the construction unit, or the quality problem of leakage or unstable installation is caused by the direct contracting of external windows by the construction unit, the construction unit shall be ordered to make rectification, and if the quality problem of leakage or unstable installation of external windows is caused by the general contractor, the general contractor shall be investigated and punished according to law.

　　Ten,This notice shall come into force as of January 1, 2023. Notice on Strengthening the Quality Management of Exterior Windows of Newly-built Residential Buildings in Beijing (J.J.F. [2015] No.11) shall be abolished at the same time.

Beijing Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-Rural Development　　　　

Beijing Municipal Commission of Planning and Natural Resources　　　　

November 3, 2022　　　

Data Map: Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge. (Photo by Zhang Wei, China News Service)

　　The "Internet+Government Services" platform of the Ministry of Public Security was officially launched today. What convenience can Hong Kong and Macao residents enjoy? Sun Taiping, deputy director of the Guangdong Provincial Public Security Department, responded on August 1 that the platform has launched two businesses, namely, the through train of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao and the online payment of police non-tax income.

　　Sun Taiping further introduced at the press conference of the Ministry of Public Security that the through train service of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao mainly includes the extension of approval, the change of driver registration and other services. Hong Kong and Macao residents can log on to the "Internet+government service" platform of the Ministry of Public Security, simply fill in the relevant information, and then they can apply for the extension of approval or the change of driver registration business, and they can choose the two-way postal express delivery to obtain documents, which is convenient and fast.

　　Regarding the payment of police non-tax revenue, Sun Taiping said that Hong Kong and Macao residents can fill in the number of the Notice of Payment or the Decision of Punishment through this platform, and then they can pay the financial non-tax revenue of Guangdong Province online after scanning the code on their mobile phones. At present, it mainly covers seven categories of public security services, including temporary entry motor vehicle license and driving license fee, driving license examination fee and traffic violation fine.

　　In the next step, Guangdong public security organs will launch more than 10 online platforms for public security and people’s livelihood services for Hong Kong and Macao residents in the areas of Guangdong 110 online alarm, traffic control business, and convenient application of entry and exit documents for Hong Kong and Macao residents, and launch measures to facilitate Hong Kong and Macao residents in accommodation registration, real-name delivery, Internet access in Internet cafes, purchase of air tickets, high-speed rail tickets, and banking business as soon as possible.