Have social networks brought us closer? No, it makes communication more restrained.

In the era of information explosion, when you wake up, it’s terrible that the full screen of little red dot always makes your heart scratch the wall. The inner os of patients with deep social fear: "three days visible" is a kind of interruption, it is best to be a "network vacuum person", or goodbye completely, social network.

When social media has quietly become an indispensable part of daily life, modern people are also surrendering their own data unnoticed. Nowadays, businesses that undertake the disappearance or tracking of the Internet have also emerged.People have to think about how to be wary of using their social accounts, or whether to simply escape.

"Connecting" is the tenet of Facebook. "Connecting people’s social vision is my top priority." Zuckerberg said before the hearing in April. At that time, tens of millions of Facebook users found that their private data had been leaked to Cambridge Analytica.

Studies have found that through close self-exposure, people become closer to each other. have onlyPeople have no privacy concerns about using these platforms in depth, and social media can make interpersonal communication so close.Paradoxically, these tools were created to keep people acquainted at a certain distance.

Julie Beck, senior deputy editor of Atlantic Monthly, recently conducted a study to try toVerify how much people look at themselves when using social media, and whether Cambridge analyzes whether corporate scandals have affected their use of Facebook and other platforms.Beck also shared the data with Sauvik Das, associate professor of interactive computing at Georgia Institute of Technology, and Sarita Schoenebeck, director of Living Online Laboratory at the University of Michigan. They also made some basic analysis of some data.

Of course, this survey is not rigorous. Atlantic Monthly sends the survey to readers through Facebook, Twitter, subscription mail and membership projects, so it is not a demographic sampling. Among the 2218 respondents, 82% are white, and most of them are from the United States; Women account for 59%, men for 40%, and 1% of other genders; Respondents are also distributed in a wide range of age groups, but generally tend to be older groups.

The survey results show what people are willing/unwilling to share on social media, the degree of trust in different platforms, and how privacy issues affect user behavior. In addition, Beck also followed up with some readers to learn their detailed views on social media privacy issues.

Overall, 78.8% of the respondents indicated that they were "very" or "somewhat" worried about their information privacy on social media; 82.2% said they would conduct self-censorship on social media. Das analysis mentioned that older people are more likely to conduct self-censorship because of privacy concerns than younger people, but for all age groups, the proportion is 75% or more. In this survey,"Self-censorship" is defined as "users will prevent themselves from publishing content they want to share for fear of privacy disclosure".

▲ Respondents’ concerns about the privacy of social media information

▲ Respondents conduct self-censorship when using social media.

David Garvey, a 27-year-old sales executive working in Boston, began to pay attention to self-censorship before Cambridge Analytica broke out. The reason is that David once posted a photo of drinking in high school on Facebook, and his friend’s mother complained to the principal after seeing it.

"Through that,I realized that anything posted on social media would be watched by others at any time."Garvey said," so I hardly send anything.Anything sent out may be publicly consumed.I try to avoid this situation,Keep your social life in intimate circles.Garvey said that he was not really worried about privacy on social media because he was careful enough about what he posted.

Among the respondents,Facebook is currently the most used but least trusted social network.57.9% of platform users said that they "almost don’t trust" Facebook or "don’t trust" Facebook’s protection of personal information privacy. Respondents have different attitudes towards other platforms such as Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Pinterest and Snapchat. Most of them are neutral or uncertain, and Facebook’s Instagram has a higher degree of trust. Several interviewees said that they know that Instagram belongs to Facebook, but they feel that most of the pictures shared on Instagram are not so easy to be used.

▲ Trust survey of major social media platforms

A Facebook spokesperson mentioned to Beck in an email that,In the past few months after the Cambridge Analytica scandal broke out in March, the company did not find any significant impact on user behavior."What we have seen is that people are more concerned about data privacy and understand their control and choice." In order to let users better "control" the privacy of their accounts, Facebook provides more concise privacy settings, and plans to develop a "history cleaning" function, so that users can delete data collected from external resources of Facebook.

However, some people began to think about how to use or whether to use Facebook after analyzing the company incident in Cambridge. In Beck’s survey, 99% of the respondents said they knew about the incident. Such a high proportion is certainly not unusual. After all, the survey was mainly aimed at readers of Atlantic Monthly, which paid close attention to this scandal. Among them,41.9% of people said that they changed their behavior of using Facebook because they knew this news, mainly because they were more careful about what they posted.But Das reminded,"When it comes to privacy, people often say one thing and do another."

A small number of voices (9.6%) said that they deleted or frozen their Facebook accounts after the scandal broke out.After the Cambridge Analytica incident, Facebook refused to provide the average number of accounts that people freeze or delete every month.

Janice Riggs, a blogger in Chicago, deleted her Facebook account after hearing about the incident. "It’s just one thing I can get rid of in my life," she said. "I don’t use Facebook and I don’t believe it, so I just closed my account, and so did my husband. But I also know people who say that they will not really completely abandon Facebook. " In addition, Riggs also mentioned that it is still very troublesome to figure out how to delete Facebook account, and she finally searched a lot of operation guides on Google.

A small percentage (25.6%) said that theyAfter analyzing the company events in Cambridge, I changed my usage behavior on other social media platforms, mainly by becoming more careful, sending less things or changing privacy settings.

In addition to Cambridge’s analysis of the impact of corporate events, on the whole,Respondents said that the content they posted on social media was not as personal as it was five years ago.A total of 60% people said that the content they posted was "very impersonal" or "relatively impersonal", but 25.7% people remained the same.

In 2016, The Information reported that, at least on Facebook, original personal sharing (compared with emoticons or links) is decreasing. API)2015 survey by the American Journalism Institute (API) found that millennials pay more attention to privacy issues than in the past.

"I think people are increasingly accepting that social media is a part of life." Das said. This is also reflected in himself. Das found himself sharing work updates or major personal events on Facebook. "In the past, I only posted irrelevant content."

As the freshness of social media has passed and its practicality has become stronger, perhaps people will realize more and more that private information is the price paid when using social media. Of course, some people don’t care about it.

"If Facebook wants to extract my data to improve the whole algorithm, just do it." Garvey said, "I think this will bring net benefits to society. These data are valuable, and more constructive insights can be found from them, not harmful. "

"mark zuckerberg is a genius of Facebook," said Shirley O’Key, a 98-year-old retired teacher living in California. "He has admirable goals, and he wants to provide communication channels for the world. I have great confidence in his sincerity in doing these things. Of course, he was also blocked, because everyone said he didn’t protect his privacy. However, we should realize that nothing in the world is private. "

Maybe people are not ignorant, just confused for a while. Beck’s colleague Alexis Madrigal pointed out that,The development of Facebook will not be hindered. It has grown and is very important to the lives of too many people. No negative news can really affect it.Facebook is unique, at least in terms of necessity. In Beck’s survey, most Facebook users (68.6%) said that without Facebook, their social life would be "a little", "average" and "great". For other social media platforms, most people’s attitude is that social life without it will "not suffer at all".

▲ "Without this platform, how much will your social life suffer?"

Regina Goodrich, a 26-year-old retail worker in Florida, said that she had frozen her Facebook account about five times in the past five years, but she couldn’t help but use it again. "I’m probably too afraid to miss something." Goodrich said. But recently, she completely deleted her account.It’s not because of Cambridge Analytica’s scandal, but because Facebook makes her feel too anxious. However, "privacy concerns are also one of the reasons."

However, in this survey, most people still reflect that they will not change their behavior of using social media because of this scandal.

Taylor Moore, a 22-year-old digital marketer in Chicago, said that Facebook is her "main social network" and she uses Facebook Messenger more than SMS. "If I have to delete some apps, deleting Facebook will definitely cause heavy losses." For Cambridge Analytica, Moore thought it was more like a "violation", and she didn’t change her usage habits because of it.

"The Cambridge Analytica incident is not the first time Facebook has fallen into a privacy storm." Schoenebeck said, "This kind of news has been breaking out for ten years. Every time we meet, people seem to think,’ This time it’s true, we must stay away from Facebook’. But then people forgot about it. Facebook is almost like a public tool, because people, especially adults, feel that they have to use it.So I don’t think people will associate using Facebook with trusting it.After all, many institutions and organizations are using it, such as workplaces, schools, community centers, churches, etc. People will miss many things if they don’t use it. "

Although the invasion of privacy will cause some people to completely quit some platforms, from a macro perspective, the dominant position of social media will not be shaken."It seems impossible to stop using the existing platform and return to the traditional social ways in the past." Das said, "We can’t stop using social media because they have completely changed the way we socialize, at least in this country."

On the contrary, if we continue to rely on social media to maintain relationships, then privacy violations that damage trust may lead to chilling effect. People will not give up social media, but they will use it more quietly, carefully and less personally. Social media is not a good tool for real connections.

E-sports champion lion sauce: in the jungle where men are strong and women are weak, they are unwilling to oppose each other and do not seek preference.

Before 2021, Li Xiaomeng returned to Xinjiang early.

She comes from Kuitun, Yili, a small town with a population of 160,000. There is not much rain there, especially in winter. When chatting, Li Xiaomeng’s throat was dry, and he coughed lightly occasionally, but his tone remained flat all the time.

In mid-December, 2020, Li Xiaomeng needed a minor operation, and she decided to go back to the small town to recuperate. Her hometown, which she didn’t want to go back to, is now a place of peace of mind when she is vulnerable.

The elders in my hometown probably know that Li Xiaomeng, who graduated from Southwest University of Political Science and Law, could have become a beauty of law, but now he is playing games in Shanghai.

In Weibo’s comments, fans can always see the record of Li Xiaomeng, a passerby who doesn’t understand: "She is the first female champion in the world and the first champion in China."

This girl from a small town in Xinjiang has another well-known code name-liooon (lion sauce). In the circle of the card game Hearthstone, everyone called her "lion sauce".

Li Xiaomeng at work. Except for special marks, the pictures in this article are all from Weibo, Li Xiaomeng.

According to the Survey Report on Talent Salary of Game Industry in China in 2019, the proportion of male employees is 70.9%. On November 3, 2019, at the "Hearthstone Legend Masters Global Finals", the second that e-sports player Li Xiaomeng won the championship trophy surrounded by a group of male players became a historic 100%.

With the halo fading, opposition and preference are not really equal —— Behind the brilliant e-sports road of the "female champion" is the story of self-acceptance of Li Xiaomeng, a girl from a small town, amid doubts.

The following is her self-report.

On November 3, 2019, Li Xiaomeng won the championship in the Global Finals of Hearthstone Masters. Image source: Blizzard official website

"Even if I didn’t play games, I should find an opportunity to resist."

Our home is in Kuitun, Yili, a very small city.

In fact, in Xinjiang, most parents will tell their children that you should study hard, get into a good university and live in a developed city in the future. Therefore, at that time, everyone’s idea was not to stay there, and it seemed that people who were better and more capable would not come back.

Li Xiaomeng and his father as a child.

But my dad is different from other parents, and he just wants me to go back and inherit his job.

He told me about his arrangements for me. Let me graduate, pass the judicial exam, and then come back. He will buy me a car and work in his law firm. He’s in charge of everything anyway.

When I told my dad I didn’t want to come back, he said something to refute me, which seemed unreasonable to me. I still remember that he said, "Look at Beijing, Shanghai and new york. There are also many beggars in those places." He may want to express that big cities are not all good.

But my dad stayed in a small town all his life except for going to college in Xi ‘an, so every time he said how bad the big city was, in fact, I couldn’t be convinced.

Li Xiaomeng in the third grade.

I did well in the college entrance examination, but I chose my major at that time. In the end, we were still deadlocked. My father insisted that I choose law, but I want to study advertising myself. I have always liked advertisements. I can’t bear to change channels when I see good advertisements on TV.

My dad finally said, you can study what you want, but I won’t pay for your college education.

I’m just choosing my major carefully, not quitting college. How does he know that I will have no future if I choose another major? It’s boring, in this threatening way.

Originally, my parents had agreed to let my father pay for my college education. Before the college entrance examination, my mother got sick and had a brain tumor. Now my father says that he won’t pay for it. My mother analyzed it with me and said that she can also pay for my college education. However, after getting sick, the pressure on this matter became greater. So I finally chose the law major.

The financial pressure is really great sometimes, but I don’t think my father is right because of lack of money. Money is not the most important thing for me, although I am also a Taurus who loves money very much.

My dad is a very realistic person. He didn’t accept my choice to do what he likes at first, but now after seeing my achievements, he will feel that the present stage is not bad.

At the beginning of 2018, I decided to play professionally, and the competition coincided with the judicial examination. It’s impossible for me to prepare for the exam when I’m preparing for the game, so I called my dad and told him that I wouldn’t take the exam, but I didn’t dare to tell him that I was going to be a player, only that I found a game company to work.

My dad was so angry that he said he would take the judicial exam anyway, and told me to stop talking nonsense. I blacked him out because he kept bombing me on the phone.

At the end of 2019, the day after the finals ended, I flew back from the United States. As soon as I came back, my mother told me that my dad sent me messages everywhere and showed off that I won the championship in the work group.

But I don’t think he really approved of me.

I pulled him out of the blacklist long ago, but he didn’t call me a single time.

When my dad talks to others about my winning the championship, he will deliberately avoid the fact that he was opposed to my playing games before. Otherwise, he will lose money and can’t naturally show off to others, saying that this is my daughter, and she won a world champion in e-sports-to tell the truth, he is not qualified to be proud.

Before I played games, I almost never disobeyed my father.

But even if I didn’t play games, I should find an opportunity to resist.

"It’s not that I can accept these things in my heart, I just figured it out."

When I first started to participate in the competition, I felt that e-sports was based on strength. I thought that if I became more powerful one day and scored in the competition, I would be affirmed and paid attention by many people, even a little more attention than boys. At that time, I would have this naive idea.

It turned out that this was not the case. There are also a few people with poor quality, and they can feel the prejudice and malice of a large part of people towards girls.

For example, some people will be particularly unhappy if they lose to girls. When I first started playing professionally, I would take part in a small city Internet cafe competition. I was a college student in Chongqing at that time, and there was basically a game every week. When an opponent sees a girl coming, he will secretly rejoice and show it directly on his face, which is obvious. Their friends will also say to him, "Your hand is steady."

In fact, real professional players respect each other very much, and even give more preferential treatment to girls. If you win, your opponent will sincerely recognize you, and if you lose, you won’t laugh at your food. They all say it doesn’t matter and comfort you. However, professional players are, after all, the top part. To put it bluntly, people with poor level will be sexist.

When I won the finals-China only had two places a year, I won the first season championship in China, so I got one. At that time, there were many people who questioned me. Some people think that I won by luck, while others think that I am a girl, so I must not play well. When the previous champion was a boy, he was never questioned so much.

Including after I won the championship, many people said that I was lucky and Germany was not worthy. Some people have been touting the female champion, thinking that if I win the world championship, I will be amazing. In fact, I am just like other players.

Also, before I went to the game, it was broadcast live and I needed to show my face on stage. As soon as I appeared, the barrage was all about grading, appearance, figure and so on, and all kinds of comments were made.

In fact, all the girls are on the live broadcast, which is the case.

If you don’t look thin, you are a normal figure, and then you look fatter on camera, it’s called "micro-tan" If you were a little fatter, the barrage would always brush "fff". "F" means "Press F to enter the tank" in the game.

After graduation, I gained weight because I played this game. Because I have been playing games seriously, I don’t have much activity every day and I don’t eat very healthily. I also got grades, not white and fat.

After I became famous and more people knew me, more and more people called me fat, and my own fans told me to lose weight quickly. I can’t explain to others where I got my meat one by one. I can only pretend not to see it. These words are still quite hurtful-obviously they are all playing professional games, as if it is useless for me to play no matter how well I don’t lose weight.

The most unacceptable thing in my heart should be male players. Even in the male commentary, there are many fat people, much fatter than me, but no one talks about them or brushes tanks for them.

At first, I was not happy, and found that this circle was not as beautiful as I thought.

Later, I figured it out. Let them say whether they are fat or not. Otherwise, I have been entangled in this matter, which affects my training, and the game is easy to play badly. I always feel that people are staring at me.

It’s not that I can accept these things in my heart, I just figured it out.

"People who really love me will definitely consider my feelings."

Hearthstone is a game that I came into contact with quite early. I played it just after my sophomore year. It was introduced to me by the first boyfriend I talked to after I went to college. He was playing, so I got the next one.

At first we were all ordinary players. Later, the game attracted me more and more, and I slowly became more involved. He often said something to hit me and asked me why I spent so much time on the game. Anyway, girls couldn’t play well.

He never considers my feelings, and he likes to comment on girls, thinking that I am fat and have thick legs. I obviously can’t stand him, but some of what he said at that time would make me think there was something wrong with me.

I always told myself that it was troublesome to break up, and I would meet someone again in the future, and everything I experienced would have to be done again.

We have been together for more than two years, and we broke up three times, all of which I mentioned. Usually, when he goes to play games or goes out with friends, he doesn’t always surround me and doesn’t care much about me. But as soon as I broke up with him, he kept me crazy. There will be phone bombing. When I hang up his phone, he will call me on my roommate’s cell phone.

I still remember when we broke up for the first time, he told me that he had regarded me as family, so sometimes he didn’t pay so much attention to some details. I can’t believe I believed it then.

He was fine for the first two weeks after getting back together, and then he slowly returned to his previous appearance. I feel a little stuck.

Later, I made up my mind to completely separate from him because he didn’t care much about this kind of thing before, and I still thought it could be changed, but the differences in three views could not be made up. The longer we spend together, the more we talk about things in the future, the more we feel very different from him. Even I found out later that he is quite similar to my father in some places.

At that time, I thought that love was like this, until I met Brother Feng, my coach and my current boyfriend, and found that love can be a very happy thing.

His real name is Fan Yilun, and his circle name is "Follow the Wind". Now he is a signing player of the Hearthstone Branch of iG Club. We didn’t have any achievements when we met, but he is quite famous in the player circle, because he is very enthusiastic and likes to help others analyze the deck. The Jianghu people call him "Wind Coach". I went to him and wanted him to help me guide me. Later, I had feelings and naturally got together.

Li Xiaomeng and her boyfriend Fan Yilun. Both of them were eliminated from the tour in 2020, and the lion sauce quipped: "What a coincidence, are you cold?"

He is really a serious person. I will feel respected when I stay with him. Because some people will treat me slightly differently, and because I am a girl, I will lower my standards when teaching me to play games. But he won’t. He just regards me as an ordinary player who wants to improve his level. This is what I want.

I get nervous easily. Hearthstone, a card game, will be random. I’m always worried about drawing an unfavorable card. Later, Brother Feng told me that I just had to do what I had to do. If I lost because of drawing cards, he would write an analysis post on the forum to help me explain that I didn’t lose because of my poor level.

I seldom laugh and cry, but when I face my boyfriend, I will show my fragile side. He is not very good at comforting people, but he will listen to me quietly and stay with me. There are some things he hasn’t experienced, so it’s impossible to feel the same way. I just need him to listen.

If these experiences have taught me anything, it is that people who really love me will definitely consider my feelings.

Whether I am a champion or not, he believes me unconditionally, which is enough.

Behind the word "Troubles" in the British history book: 30 years of blood and hate in Northern Ireland conflict

        

        In British history books, there is a word called "Troubles", which refers to the conflict in Northern Ireland from 1968 to 1998.

        Belfast in those thirty years was very different from other cities in Europe. There are heavily armed military vehicles on the streets, soldiers armed with live ammunition are ready to attack at any time, police stations need to be protected by high-wall wire grids, walls are built between adjacent streets, roadblocks are set up outside commercial areas to prohibit vehicles that may contain explosives from entering and leaving, and people who buy daily necessities outside shops queue up to pass the security check. Bombings and shootings are one after another, and people in other parts of Britain are also fearful, because they don’t know which car, which trash can and which forgotten backpack will suddenly detonate. At that time, there was a chilling name: Irish Republican Army.

Origin: religious struggle, civil rights parade turned into violent conflict

        The conflict between Northern Ireland and Ireland is a territorial conflict, a conflict between the ownership and identity of two completely different groups, which has both political and religious factors. Since the 16th century, many immigrants from England and Scotland moved to northern Ireland. Most of them were wealthy Protestants, pushing the original Catholics in Northern Ireland to the edge. In 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom, but like Scotland, some people’s calls for independence never stopped. In 1916, the predecessor of the Irish Republican Army launched the "Easter Uprising" in Dublin, and Irish nationalism was high. In 1919, Sinn Fein (meaning "ourselves") and the Irish Republican Army were founded with the goal of fighting for independence. In 1920, the British government established two houses in Ireland, the North and the South, which were in charge of the 26 counties in the south and the 6 counties in the north, giving them some autonomy. In 1921, Britain and Ireland signed an agreement to establish a free state, and 26 counties in the south became independent from the United Kingdom. In 1937, the Free State declared the establishment of the Republic of Ireland.

          Six counties in Northern Ireland remained in Britain because of years of immigration, when Protestants accounted for the majority of the population in Northern Ireland. Protestants don’t want to leave England, so they are also called royalists or unionists; Indigenous Catholics, on the other hand, hope to be unified with the south, so they are also called Republicans or nationalists. The conflict between the two factions has been constant, but it has not reached the point of white-hot later. Although defense diplomacy is still dominated by London, the Northern Ireland House is still relatively autonomous. For decades, the Northern Ireland House has been controlled by The Ulster Unionist Party——UUP), which marginalized Catholics from employment, education, medical care and health care. Catholics are discriminated second-class citizens.

        Where there is oppression, there is resistance. The civil rights movement that began in the United States in the 1960s spread to Northern Ireland, and Northern Ireland Catholics took to the streets to demand more political rights, social supply and cultural recognition, but these were resisted by Protestants. In October 1968, the demonstrations demanding civil rights quickly turned into violent conflicts, and the police controlled by royalists were extremely heavy, and various contradictions also intensified rapidly. The royalists and Republicans were at loggerheads. This is the beginning of the "Troubles" defined in the history books.

Confrontation: 3,600 British troops were killed and 50,000 wounded.

        Seeing that the Irish Parliament could not control the situation, the London government sent troops to Northern Ireland to maintain order in 1969. Although the British army set foot on the land of Northern Ireland, most ordinary people could accept it, but a small number of extreme Republicans were quite disgusted. The civil rights demand that should have been reformed within Northern Ireland quickly rose to the movement of separation from Britain and reunification with the south. In the same year, some extremists in the Irish Republican Army separated and established the Provisional Irish Republican Army, which is also known as IRA. They began to directly attack the British army and announced that they would carry out a "protracted war" against Britain and the royalists.

          The British government took a tough approach to IRA at first. In 1971, they announced internment’s policy that they could be detained without trial, and more than 2,000 people were arrested. On January 30, 1972, 10,000 people staged a demonstration demanding civil rights in Delhi, London, Northern Ireland. The procession clashed with British troops maintaining order, and soldiers shot and killed 13 people and injured 13 others. This was "Bloody Sunday". The hatred of all parties intensified, and the London government decided to cancel the completely paralyzed Northern Ireland House, take the management power back to the central government in an all-round way, and set up a full-time Secretary-General for Northern Ireland to manage it.

        Instead of killing IRA, the British government’s tough measures made it stronger and more morale. Young Catholics actively participated in IRA. They were financially supported by Irish immigrants from the United States, with better weapons and more professional means. Car bombs and plastic bombs were used, and shooting was more common, and the death toll soared.

        For example, in July 1972 alone, there were nineteen explosions in Belfast. IRA has also extended its military activities originally limited to Northern Ireland to Britain and Europe, making people in Britain fearful. To give a few examples, in February 1972, the Aldershot bombing in Britain killed seven people. In September 1973, London’s King’s Cross and Euston railway stations were bombed, and 21 people were injured; In February 1974, a bus exploded on the expressway, killing 12 people; In June 1974, the British House of Representatives exploded, causing extensive damage to the House building and injuring eleven people. In October 1974, Guildford Bar exploded, killing five people and injuring 44 others. In November, 1974, the Birmingham Bar exploded, killing 21 people and injuring 182 others.

        When people talk about the conflict in Northern Ireland, they always think that IRA is the culprit, but it is not entirely true. Royalists are not soft either. They have set up armed forces one after another, such as UDA(Ulster Defence Association) and UFF(Ulster Freedom Fighter), which were established in September 1971. They imported guns and ammunition from South Africa, attacked Catholic residential areas and bombed bars and public places where Catholics gathered, in the same way as IRA.

        Therefore, the 30-year "Troubles" in Northern Ireland was a civil war between Republicans and royalists. The police and British troops tried to maintain peace in the war, and sometimes they went off accidentally, hurting innocent people. Republicans also accused the police of conspiring with British troops and royalists’ armed groups. Hatred is growing, society is more isolated, and the economy is paralyzed.

         In the "Troubles", about 3,600 people died and more than 50,000 people were injured. More than 2,000 of the dead were civilians, about 1,270 were Catholics and 730 were Protestants. Because IRA’s main targets are the police and the British army, the target is in the open, which is easier to fight. The targets of the royalist armed forces are mostly in the dark, and their revenge by force is mainly concentrated in Catholic residential areas and bars, so more Catholic civilians are hurt.
        During the Northern Ireland conflict, the British government also tried many times to solve the problem by political means. For example, the Sanningdale Agreement reached with the three major parties in Northern Ireland in 1973, and the Anglo-Irish Agreement signed by Britain and the Republic of Ireland in 1985, the British government has always agreed to decentralize the power to manage Northern Ireland, so that the political parties in Northern Ireland can share the power to manage Northern Ireland. But the problem is that these agreements are selective and only allow those "legitimate parties" to participate, especially the political organization Sinn Fein of IRA is not included in the framework of negotiations, so they have not succeeded. In 1983, Gerry Adams was elected as the chairman of Sinn Fein, and he also hoped to solve the conflict politically. But for many royalists, it is totally inconceivable and unacceptable to negotiate with Sinn Fein.

Intensified: Prisoner hunger strike Margaret Thatcher tough

        There is no improvement in political negotiations, and the violent actions of the Irish Republican Army and the royalist armed forces continue. On March 1, 1981, Bobby Sands, an IRA prisoner in Metz Prison in Belfast, began a hunger strike, demanding that the British government regard them as "political prisoners" rather than terrorists or ordinary murderers. During the hunger strike, many prisoners joined in stages. However, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher’s attitude was quite tough, and she flatly refused the hunger strikers’ demands. Thornton died after 66 days of hunger strike. The Iron Lady made no apologies in her speech in the House of Representatives. She said that if she made concessions to IRA prisoners, she would give them a license to slaughter innocent people. Seven months later, the prisoners stopped their hunger strike automatically, but more than a dozen IRA members had starved to death.

        The British media regarded the cessation of the hunger strike as a victory for Thatcher’s government, but they didn’t know that her tough attitude attracted more explosions and shootings. Margaret Thatcher’s handling of the hunger strike was like the detention without trial in 1971 and the bloody Sunday in 1972. The more the government resorted to coercion, the more young people took part in IRA, the higher their morale, the fiercer the armed conflict and the more divided Northern Ireland. In July 1982, in Hyde Park and Ruijin Park in London, two bombs of IRA exploded at the celebration ceremony of the British army, killing four British soldiers, seven members of the military band and seven military horses. On October 12, 1984, the Brighton bombing was aimed at assassinating Mrs. Thatcher. Although the Iron Lady survived, five people died, including her two political allies. On November 8, 1987, the Enniskillen bombing killed eleven people and injured sixty-three. The bombing made IRA realize that they had gone too far, and Adams publicly condemned it for undermining the "legality of the use of force". Since then, the strategy of Republicans has changed.

 Turning point: beating all parties while talkingSecret talks 

        On January 11th, 1988, John Hume, the chairman of the Social Democratic Labor Party (SDLP), who has always advocated autonomy but is relatively neutral, held a secret meeting with Adams for the first time to discuss the possibility of letting IRA cease fire.

        The meeting was a turning point in the Northern Ireland conflict and provided an opportunity for future peace talks. In 1989, Adams announced that he wanted a "non-military political movement for self-government". A few months later, the Secretary-General of Northern Ireland admitted that Britain could not defeat IRA completely by force, and it was necessary to negotiate with Sinn Fein and other political means to resolve the conflict. Secret talks between various parties have come and gone, and the British government has also had a direct dialogue with IRA, which was brokered by the British Intelligence Agency. Moreover, the British government has made it clear that if most citizens in Northern Ireland agree to reunification with Ireland, the British government will respect citizens’ choices. In 1992, Irish Prime Minister Albert Reynolds, without knowing that the British government had secretly contacted IRA, also asked his senior officials to secretly contact Sinn Fein. The two governments reached the same goal by different routes and finally reached the same node. In April 1993, after many secret talks, Hume and Adams issued a joint statement: Irish citizens should have the right to decide where they belong. On December 15, 1993, Major and Irish Prime Minister Reynolds issued the Downing Street Statement, accepting the principle of self-determination in Northern Ireland, provided that all Irish citizens (including the south and the north) agree.

        While talking and fighting, the violence never stopped. Let me cite two examples: in October 1993, IRA exploded in a fish shop on Shankill Road, a royalist gathering area, killing ten people. After that, the royalists retaliated by assassinating two Catholics. On October 30th, UFF killed eight people and injured 13 others at a Halloween party in the Greysteel bar in the Catholic community. Revenge for revenge, Northern Ireland is still full of blood.

Pusher: American intervention in Clinton’s visit to Northern Ireland

       In 1994, another major force became the driving force of peace in Northern Ireland, and that was the United States. Irish immigrants are powerful in the United States, and they have always funded the actions of the Irish Republican Army. Therefore, the attitude and participation of the United States are crucial. In January 1994, although London objected, US President Bill Clinton personally approved Adams’ visa to the United States. On August 31 of the same year, IRA declared "a comprehensive ceasefire and stopped some armed actions", and seven weeks later, the royalist armed forces also announced a ceasefire. Since 1988, the BBC has banned the images and voices of Sinn Fein and IRA members such as Adams. After the ceasefire was announced, the ban on TV broadcasting was also lifted. However, declaring a ceasefire does not mean disarmament. In the next few years, the total disarmament of IRA has been the biggest stumbling block to the peace process in Northern Ireland and the negotiations between the parties.

        In May 1995, Sinn Fein and the British government met formally for the first time. In November of the same year, Clinton visited Northern Ireland and sent George Mitchell, a Democratic politician, as the special envoy for Northern Ireland to act as a middleman for the negotiations. Negotiations finally started, but in February 1996, IRA thought that the London government’s demand for their disarmament was not keeping its promise, so it announced the suspension of the ceasefire and exploded in London’s financial district. Although they gave a warning 90 minutes in advance, two people still died, resulting in a loss of 100 million pounds. This event ended the 17-month ceasefire agreement. In June of that year, IRA exploded in Manchester City, destroying a large area in the center of Manchester City. IRA bombings occurred one after another in Britain. Royalist parties once again reiterated the importance of disarmament before negotiations. Sinn Fein was driven out of the negotiating table, and several other political parties and the British and Irish governments continued peace talks. However, the talks were not smooth, and no agreement could be reached on some simple issues, such as whether Mitchell should be the chairman, so the talks were suspended.

Turning point: Blair took office to restart negotiations and sign an agreement

        On May 1, 1997, the Labour Party won the general election and Blair became the British Prime Minister. Blair’s government made many concessions to Sinn Fein and IRA, re-established contact with Sinn Fein, and the negotiations started again. Not mentioning the comprehensive disarmament of IRA for the time being made the royalist party very dissatisfied and resisted. In July of the same year, IRA announced a ceasefire again. In October, Adams met with Blair for the first time, along with Mo Mowlam, Secretary General of Northern Ireland. In January 1998, Moran went to Metz prison where IRA prisoners died of hunger strike, and his attitude was completely opposite to that of Iron Lady. The New Labour Party knows that although prisoners from both sides are in prison, they are still quite influential in peace negotiations.

        On April 10th, 1998, Easter Good Friday, the negotiations finally came to fruition, and the parties signed the famous Good Friday Agreement. There are five main points in the Agreement: First, the future and constitutional status of Northern Ireland will be decided by its citizens; Second, if the majority of citizens in the north and south want a unified Republic of Ireland, they can obey the majority opinion through elections; Third, Northern Ireland’s current constitutional status remains in the United Kingdom; Fourth, citizens in Northern Ireland have the right to define whether they are Irish, British or both. Fifth, the Republic of Ireland will give up its claim to the territory of Northern Ireland, and the demands of all citizens will be protected by the Constitution. The agreement agreed to establish a Northern Ireland House with decentralized power and shared management rights, and to reform the police, hoping (but not insisting) that both armed groups would disarm.

        All families in Ireland received an agreement, and on May 22nd, Northern and Southern Ireland held a referendum on the agreement. Seventy-one percent of Northern Irish people supported the agreement, including all Republicans, and royalists supported and opposed it equally. In Ireland, 94% of the citizens voted for it. In the definition of history textbooks, this is also the end of "Troubles".

Stalemate: The conflict continues to disarm weapons such as toothpaste.

        From 1998 to 2003, it was the stage of trying to implement the Good Friday Agreement. It is difficult to negotiate the agreement, and it is even more difficult to implement it.

        Shortly after the signing of the agreement, some extreme IRA members who were dissatisfied with Sinn Fein separated and established the "Real IRA". Conflicts continue in the streets of Northern Ireland, and the "real Republican Army" continues to carry out explosive activities. For example, on August 15th, they detonated a bomb in the center of Omagh, killing 29 people and injuring hundreds. Adams publicly condemned the violence and called for it to become history. On September 3, Clinton visited Northern Ireland for the second time, hoping to advance the peace process. On September 10th, Adams met with David Trimble, the 12th president of UUP, which was the first formal meeting between Republicans and royalists in 75 years. At the same time, the British government also began to withdraw troops, reform the police, release prisoners, and remove isolated roadblocks and buildings.

        In October of the same year, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Xiumo of SDLP and Trumbu of UPP for their contributions to the Irish peace process. Historically, this Nobel Prize was awarded too early, because the most important issue of disarmament has not yet reached an agreement with IRA, and it is difficult to negotiate the decentralization and sharing of the Northern Ireland government under the threat of a gun. The IRA’s disarmament was delayed again and again. One year after the signing of the agreement, there was still no progress in the formation of the government. The American special envoy Mitchell was once again invited back to mediate. In November 1999, the Irish Republican Army agreed to contact and talk with the Independent International Commission on Disarmament. On December 2, the Northern Ireland government was established, with Trumbu as the first minister of Northern Ireland and Martin McGuinness of Sinn Fein as the minister of education. The Northern Ireland government began to negotiate with London on the specific issues of decentralization.

        Two months after the establishment of the Northern Ireland government, IRA has still not disarmed. In February 2000, the British government announced that it would temporarily stop the Northern Ireland government and put Northern Ireland under the direct management of the central government, hoping to put pressure on IRA. Sure enough, IRA agreed to let independent inspectors go to inspect weapons. At the end of May, the Northern Ireland government resumed its work, and then the British government had two 24-hour strategic suspensions for the Northern Ireland government. The armed actions of extremist IRA elements have not stopped, for example, they fired rocket-propelled stray bullets at the building of MI6 headquarters in London, and detonated car bombs at BBC TV Center in London.

        In October, 2002, the British government stopped the Northern Ireland government again. First, there was no movement when IRA disarmed. Second, it was discovered that IRA spy network was monitoring the Irish Parliament. Later, this spy case failed to be established. More intricately, Denis Donaldson, a senior official in the spy network, turned out to be an undercover sent by British intelligence agencies and had worked for Britain for more than 20 years (who was assassinated in April, 2006). The revocation of the Irish government’s management license this time is not just to scare them like the previous ones. The British government is serious, and it was not until 2007 that the Northern Ireland government was restored.

        During this period, the negotiations on decentralization and sharing went on and on, and IRA disarmed weapons in batches several times, but all of them were like squeezing toothpaste. The royalists asked for photos as evidence, and IRA refused to provide them. Moreover, armed conflicts on the streets of Northern Ireland also occur from time to time, and the estrangement and hatred between neighbors are still on the verge. In February, 2005, IRA announced that it would withdraw its promise of total disarmament. Seeing that the peace process was about to go backwards again, Adams publicly called on IRA to keep its promise. Although Sinn Fein always denied its relationship with the IRA, Adams was still listened to. In October, the inspector of the Independent Disarmament Commission announced that he was satisfied with IRA’s disarmament. At this time, IRA was completely renounced. The British government thinks this is a big step in the peace process, but the royalists remain skeptical because there is no photo evidence.

Epilogue: The anger and bitterness of co-governance are still there.

        In April 2006, the British and Irish Prime Ministers went to Northern Ireland at the same time, and the negotiations on decentralization resumed; In May, the Northern Ireland government was started again, and on November 24th, the Transitional House was established. On March 7, 2007, citizens of Northern Ireland participated in the parliamentary general election and elected 108 members. The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) won 36 seats, and Sinn Fein came second with 28 seats. In May, DUP leader Ian Paisley and Adams shared the ruling power, and the Northern Ireland House officially worked. Although the Good Friday Agreement was signed in 1998, it will take nearly ten years for all factions to be disarmed, decentralization to be completed, and political parties that hate each other to jointly govern.
       Up to now, many people still think that Blair’s government has made too many concessions to Sinn Fein and the Irish Republican Army. In particular, it was recently revealed that 187 IRA members had received a secret letter from the Labor Party government, saying that they would be pardoned for their past actions, while the royalists’ armed members and the soldiers of Bloody Sunday never obtained similar "prison passes". It was this secret agreement between Blair and Adams that made John Downey, the main suspect in the Hyde Park bombing, walk out of court two weeks ago, and anger and resentment surfaced again.

        After years of conflict and estrangement, how can we make old enemies live in harmony? Compared with Blair’s many small moves, Mandela’s "truth and reconciliation" comprehensive Amnesty is more far-sighted and tolerant.