While we are still struggling whether to replace the old wireless router at home, wireless technology is accelerating. Driven by the upstream enterprises led by chip manufacturers such as Qualcomm, Broadcom and Quantenna,802.11ax wireless chips supporting the next generation wireless standard have appeared one after another, and even the first router supporting this wireless standard has been released, which makes the evolution path of WLAN (wireless local area network) standard to the sixth generation more clear and real.

The 6th generation Wi-Fi is finally approaching.

802.11g/n helps Wi-Fi dominate.

When it comes to wireless standards, from the initial 802.11a, 802.11b to 802.11g, 802.11n, and 802.11ac, which is gradually becoming the mainstream, every new wireless standard change will become a "highlight" of Wi-Fi performance evolution.

Among them, the two standards, 802.11g and 802.11n, have a wide influence and a long application time span. It has been 14 years since the 802.11g wireless standard appeared in 2003, but it is only in recent years that it was completely replaced by the 802.11n wireless standard.

Evolution schedule of Wi-Fi/802.11 technology

802.11g wireless devices with a transmission rate of at least 54Mbps have played a key role in promoting the development of Wi-Fi because they can provide relatively fast and smooth wireless applications for enterprises and consumer-grade fields, and the term "Wi-Fi" has entered people’s field of vision and gradually penetrated people’s hearts.

Wi-Fi protocol parameters

However, what really makes Wi-Fi expand its territory and dominate the world is the full roll-out of the 802.11n standard. Due to the introduction of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) and carrier aggregation technology in 802.11n, the wireless rate has been rapidly upgraded to the well-known 300Mbps and 450Mbps wireless products. Moreover, 802.11n is not only compatible with the coverage advantages of 2.4GHz band wireless, but also supports the large bandwidth and high-speed transmission of 5GHz band wireless, which makes the applicability of 802.11n wireless products broader.

After that, whether in the consumer or enterprise field, it is actually the world of 802.11n standard, and it has become the standard protocol of various wireless devices.

802.11ac changes rapidly.

However, with the emergence of the 802.11ac wireless standard, the WLAN market has once again ushered in a new "king".

At present, 802.11ac has become the most mainstream wireless standard.

According to the WLAN (wireless local area network) market research data released by IDC on June 7, 2017,802.11ac has become a highlight in the consumer WLAN market in the first quarter of 2017.Revenue and shipments increased by 17.6% and 48.5% respectively.

802.11ac standard parameters

Even on enterprise-level wireless AP, the shipment of AP equipped with 802.11ac standard reached 70.9%, and the revenue accounted for 84.7%, which became the new power to replace 802.11n standard, and it is predicted that 802.11n will be completely eliminated by the end of 2018.

802.11ac became a highlight in the consumer WLAN market in the first quarter of 2017.

Then, after 802.11ac, which wireless standard seems to have quite good performance, will it bring a qualitative new leap to Wi-Fi?

The successor of 802.11ac will be 802.11ax.

The answer is only 802.11ax.

802.11ax Connecting Rod Next Generation Wi-Fi

As the next generation Wi-Fi of 802.11ac, the average throughput of 802.11ax in terms of theoretical wireless rate can reach four times that of 802.11ac standard.

The theoretical throughput of 802.11ax can reach four times that of 802.11ac.

However, if we look at the transmission rate alone, will the 802.11ad standard, which was once heated up and can provide 7Gbps high speed, also have a chance to become the successor of the next generation of Wi-Fi?

Not really. It turns out that 802.11ad uses 60GHz frequency band for transmission, which has very limited coverage and huge transmission loss, and is only suitable to exist as a complementary protocol of Wi-Fi. Therefore, 802.11ad is only awarded a title of "Baylor", officially known as WiGig.

802.11ad will only be complementary to Wi-Fi protocol.

The "Crown Prince" –802.11ax in the development route of IEEE 802.11 protocol family not only has obvious technical advantages in transmission rate, anti-interference and compatibility, but also has the characteristics of great concurrency, stability and energy saving superior to the previous generation standards. Therefore, it has officially become the next generation Wi-Fi standard to replace 802.11ac.

Three major technologies introduce 802.11ax

Since it can be established as a "successor", 802.11ax naturally has some extraordinary potential.

Next generation wireless standard 802.11ax

Firstly, in terms of transmission, 802.11ax introduces a higher-order modulation and coding scheme.1024QAMCompared with the highest 256QAM in 802.11ac, it has higher coding and modulation efficiency. For example, in the case of a single stream with 80MHz bandwidth, the theoretical rate of 802.11ac is 433Mbps, and 802.11ax can reach 1.73Gbps. However, in the case of multi-stream transmission with 160MHz bandwidth, the speed increase will be more significant.

802.11ax introduces a higher-order 1024QAM modulation and coding scheme.

Secondly, in terms of spectrum utilization, 802.11ax will be used in 4G LTE cellular base stations.OFDMA(orthogonal frequency division multiple access), that is, orthogonal frequency division multiple access technology is introduced, which allows users to occupy only a subset of subcarriers in a specified time, greatly improving the utilization efficiency of the same channel bandwidth.

OFDMA technology is introduced.

In addition, because 802.11ax adopts new spatial multiplexing technology, it can effectively identify air interface conflicts and retreat, and further improve the performance of interference signal identification and noise reduction by combining dynamic idle channel evaluation and dynamic power control.

Moreover, it isUplink MU-MIMO(Multi-user Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology, although MU-MIMO technology is applied in the 802.11ac standard, the uplink multi-user mode is new and unique in 802.11ax, which can improve the synchronous transmission performance of multiple wireless terminals to Wi-Fi access point (AP).

Uplink MU-MIMO is introduced.

Taking the current 802.11ac standard as an example, if the bandwidth of 160MHz is used, the theoretical wireless transmission rate with the highest single stream can reach 866Mbps, while 802.11ax can easily increase the transmission rate to 3.5Gbps. If 4 x 4 MIMO "four lanes" is added, the theoretical data throughput of 802.11ax will soar to 14Gbps, which even exceeds the transmission speed of some fiber-optic broadband.

Will welcome a new wave of upgrading.

802.11ax is suitable for Wi-Fi applications in high-density scenes.

All the above features are obviously the arrival of 802.11ax, which has satisfied the users’ appetite. It can be predicted that in the future, in high-density scenes such as stations, airports, schools and stadiums, people will be able to connect to the Wi-Fi network freely and smoothly, without worrying about such embarrassing situations as dropped calls and jams. Even an efficient wireless transmission mechanism can save power for wireless terminals such as mobile phones and improve battery life.

The 6th generation Wi-Fi has arrived.

Now the 802.11ax wireless chip has come out, and the first batch of home routers supporting 802.11ax have just appeared, which makes people feel that a new wave of Wi-Fi update is accelerating. Once the 802.11ax wireless standard is finalized, a large number of wireless terminal devices will quickly converge to 802.11ax, and the sixth generation Wi-Fi era will really begin.

Wen | Zero One

Most of the National Day films didn’t perform as expected, and Operation Moscow was a particularly regrettable one.

As of October 5th, The Moscow Action was released for 7 days, with a total score of 374 million yuan, ranking fourth in the schedule. Although the attendance rate has been slightly ahead for several days, the total box office is still behind Rock-solid, Previous 4 and Volunteers: Attack by Soldiers. Word-of-mouth is obviously higher and lower. The score of "Moscow Action" reaches 7.3, which is the first in the same period, but after a few days, the score of Douban has dropped to 6.8, which is higher than that of films in the same period.

Operation Moscow is the fourth film released by director Qiu Litao during the year, and the first three films all failed in word-of-mouth box office. The box office of Assassination Storm, Pursuit of the Jedi was only tens of millions, and that of Anti-drug 3: Man in the End of the World was only 284 million, which was 1 billion+less than the second film in the same series. The three consecutive box office attacks almost offset the historical achievements of commercial films accumulated by director Qiu Litao in Shock Wave 2’s Anti-drug 2.

The reason why the box office performance of this film is "regrettable" is mainly because "Moscow Action" has been the most neat "action" directed by Qiu Litao this year, and it is a good quality finished product of this high-yield director, and it also has some merits in the film’s personal style and aesthetics. And "Moscow Action" is different from the first three films in 2023. This film is starring and supervised by Andy Lau, which is closer to the lineup of two 1 billion+films directed by Qiu Litao in Shock Wave 2’s "Anti-Drug 2" and has more topical themes. Therefore, it is still considered promising to reach the box office range of more than 900 million before the release. However, with the overall decline of the box office, the lighthouse AI of "Moscow Action" predicts that the box office has reached 599 million, and the cat’s eye predicts 6.

The box office performance of this film is still mediocre. Perhaps the style of classic Hong Kong films has really lost its surprise and charm, or perhaps mainland audiences have lost sympathy for this kind of shooting technique represented by Qiu Litao.

Operation Moscow is based on the first real case of cross-border pursuit in China. In the early 1990s, the Soviet Union disintegrated and the Russian economy was close to collapse. A large number of China profiteers took the K3 Beijing-Moscow international train to resell China’s goods to Russia to obtain sky-high profits. The bandit group headed by Huang Xuan as Miao Qingshan looted the K3 train, and then the police team led by Zhang Hanyu disguised as businessmen and went deep into Moscow to arrest them.

Generally speaking, "Moscow Action" is still too formal, and it still belongs to the kind of film that is relatively rough in many details. There are not many unexpected things, and the action drama is full and the characterization is weak. It seems that the common success of Shock Wave 2’s literary drama and action drama is only a flash in the pan.

Compared with Hong Kong film assembly line style Assassination Storm and Anti-drug 3, the first highlight of Operation Moscow is the sense of the times. The film begins with Black Panther band’s "Ashamed", and with a nostalgic lens with vague visual texture, the music and visual symbolism quickly pull the audience into that changing restless era.

The biggest attraction and selling point of "Moscow Action" is all kinds of online explosion scenes and action scenes. From the first act, it has created a crazy and fast overall rhythm, and the action scenes of the whole movie are full. The robbery on the train highlights the gangsters’ sense of madness and terror, and then the street car chase, the sewer motorcycle chase, the airport gun battle, the jeep blocking the fighter plane, and the last train track change battle are definitely called "a lot of action scenes", and each scene and action scheduling are not difficult.

In a general crime movie, it is likely that the action drama will end in the motorcycle chase in the sewer, but Qiu Litao is obviously not satisfied with this. He used his own good way one after another to fill almost all the movie time with action dramas with sufficient weight, excitement and excitement.

However, this practice also brings two problems: First, the over-saturated gunfight and explosive action scenes create too chaotic impressions, and the battle often begins and ends in a sudden outburst and indiscriminate bombing, making it difficult for the audience to even distinguish the war situation; Secondly, there is not enough ample space for characterization, which leads to the weakness and failure of the main characters of the pros and cons.

The problem of action drama can be said to be the director’s personal preference and the defects of scheduling and lens. Qiu Litao’s several action dramas are exciting enough for a large number of people, but after careful study, there are holes in the plot to be filled. It is hard to say whether it is a scene for the sake of the scene and an explosion for the sake of the explosion.

However, the problem of characterization is more due to the roughness caused by the shooting concept. According to common sense, the justice team represented by Zhang Hanyu has little space, but Miao Qingshan, the perverted villain played by Huang Xuan, and Vasily, the gray centrist played by Andy Lau, have great space to play. However, the film is still presented in a stereotyped and monotonous characterization way, which eventually leads to the lack of prominent characters and memory points.

For example, Miao Qingshan is an antisocial pervert who loves classical music, and Vasily is "for his daughter" all the time. The characters have a heavy sense of labels, but at the same time they lack bedding and multi-faceted shaping, which makes the characters "instrumental" too strong. Miao Qingshan actually has great potential to shine, and Huang Xuan’s performance can actually be called in place, but it is difficult to leave a strong shock like those successful contrast abnormal villains in the film history, mainly because the whole film does not pay attention to the narrative perspective and focus of this character.

In the first half of the film, Miao Qingshan was as bad as the "clown" in the Batman movie for no reason, and as a cruel villain who loved classical music as Gary Oldman in The Killer is Not Too Cold and Lei Yaoyang in the gangster. However, these settings did not become the starting point for the progressive plot of the film, and the low correlation between the characters and the plot led to too many "abandoned plays". In the end, after being caught eating jiaozi, Huang Xuan, who was crazy for a whole game, suddenly revealed his true feelings to express his childhood misfortune, which was extremely abrupt, mediocre and lacked bedding, and failed to form a colorful figure facade.

It should be noted that Miao Qingshan is already the character with the most ink and the strongest drama conflict in Moscow Action, and the characterization effect of Miao Qingshan is so general, which shows that the characters in the whole movie are weak and rough. Vasily played by Andy Lau is a vulgar parent-child drama, which only has a certain interpretation space in the final blind plot, far less than Shock Wave 2; What is even more unacceptable to the female audience is that the female characters in the whole movie are either cut by QJ or throat, all of which are vague, and almost no female characters have inner drama presentation and expression.

But in any case, "Moscow Action" is still one of the best action films and gunfight films in the cinema market in 2023, and it is full of directors’ expertise. Even if the score drops to 6.8, Action in Moscow is still the highest-rated new film directed by Qiu Litao in 2023. This film is definitely not a bad film. Compared with Assassination Storm and Anti-drug 3, which work for old faces such as Liu Qingyun and Louis Koo, Action in Moscow has more personalized expressions, but it continues to carry forward the crazy and destructive temperament of Qiu Litao action movies. The overall impression is that

The overall temperament of Operation Moscow is a typical cast style of Hong Kong films in the golden age, which is in the same strain as Shock Wave 2’s Anger and Serious Crime and Detective Wars in recent years.

However, it is worth mentioning that since 2023, almost all films of the same type have declared box office failure in Chinese mainland cinema market, and the "guaranteed effect" of familiar faces such as Louis Koo, Liu Qingyun, Aaron Kwok and Andy Lau is getting lower and lower.

Only a few years ago, Hong Kong-style action films such as Anti-Drug 2 and Shock Wave 2’s Anger and Serious Crime were able to win 1 billion+box office. Last year, the film market was in a downturn, but there were 712 million Detective Wars, 679 million Tomorrow’s War and 481 million Anti-Corruption Storm 5 in Hong Kong films. Since 2023, Action in Moscow has been the highest box office of Hong Kong films with cast style. The mainland market of Bitter Counsel, which broke the local box office record in Hong Kong, is only 187 million, and a large number of films gathered by Hong Kong stars, such as When the Wind Comes Again, Assassination Storm and Don’t Call me Gambling God, have not broken 100 million. It can be seen that it is increasingly difficult for both emerging Hong Kong films and "ancient" Hong Kong flavor to become the mainland film market.

At the beginning of the year, when The Wind Comes Again failed at the box office, Reading Entertainment commented that "Hong Kong films are unlikely to return to the cultural influence that swept across East Asia and even the world in the golden age, but this does not mean the demise of the Hong Kong film market, but the creators need to see the needs of the target audience more clearly-those who have feelings for traditional Hong Kong films and those who are filled with imported visual blockbusters, what they want to see may not be the same, and practitioners must find this focus from the beginning.

But now it seems that the change is more rapid than expected. For example, in Qiu Litao’s films this year, Jedi Pursuit and Moscow Action are both blockbuster films in his personal career, but it seems that the market no longer catches a cold for this abundant and vigorous style. On the other hand, the summer file has created a new height of short video film marketing, but the National Day file with a lot of theme lineups has failed to achieve a replica of the market effect, which shows that the uncertainty of the current film market trend is extremely high.

The main products of Anti-drug 3 are Yingming Culture, Universal Entertainment, Lianrui Film, etc., Assassination Storm is Yindu Institution, Upgraded Media, Taobao Film, etc., Jedi Pursuit is iQiyi Film, and Moscow Action is Chinese Film, Gravitational Film, Shangshi Culture, etc. Although the output is more, the production companies that directed films in Qiu Litao have been diversified since 2023, which shows that their capabilities in the industry have been more extensive. At present, there are still many films being made or finished in Qiu Litao, and it is still his normal state to have assembly-line production and occasional excellent works. However, since 2023, his box office performance has been really bleak. If it is difficult to make achievements again, the follow-up film and television companies may not be so enthusiastic about it.

* Original article, please indicate the source when reprinting.

　　Autophagy is a measure for cells to save themselves by digesting some superfluous things in adversity, aiming at maintaining basic life activities.

　　Our reporter Fang Linlin

　　Interpretation of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

　　The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to yoshinori ohsumi for his discovery of autophagy mechanism. This is an evolutionary conservative process, that is, eukaryotic cells can be partially recycled by transporting double-membrane vesicles to lysosomes. Different from other mechanisms of cell degeneration, autophagy can remove aging or damaged protein, macromolecular complexes and organelles, leaving room for participating in new physiological processes. In addition, autophagy is a key cellular process to remove invading microorganisms and toxic protein aggregates, so it plays an important role in fighting infection, aging and many human diseases.

　　Although autophagy was confirmed in the 1960s, in the following decades, scientists still knew little about its mechanism and physiological significance. Yoshinori ohsumi’s work has significantly changed people’s understanding of this important cellular process.

　　In 1993, yoshinori ohsumi published his pioneering discovery among 15 genes in yeast. Subsequently, he cloned these genes in yeast and mammalian cells and clarified the function of encoding protein. Based on yoshinori ohsumi’s pioneering discovery, the importance of autophagy in human physiology and diseases is now widely recognized.

　　Since the birth of the concept of autophagy, the research progress has been limited.

　　In the middle of last century, researchers found that there was a membrane structure containing degenerated cytoplasm in normal rat hepatocytes, but its abundance would be greatly increased after glucagon infusion or exposure to toxic substances.

　　In 1963, Christian Renede Duve coined the word "autophagy" after realizing that this structure has the ability to digest part of the contents of cells, and discussed this concept extensively in his published articles. A few years later, based on the observation results of electron microscope, scientists found that this autophagy also existed in mammalian cells.

　　Then, it was found that autophagy itself was at a low level, but it was aggravated during the differentiation and remodeling of various tissues including brain, intestine, kidney, lung, liver, prostate, skin and thyroid. It is speculated that autophagy may respond to hunger or disease. Besides autophagy in unicellular eukaryotes, this mechanism has also been found in metazoa such as amoeba, euglena, Tetrahymena, insects and frogs.

　　In the following decades, the progress in this field was limited. There are many indications that autophagy may be an important cellular process, but its mechanism and law are not well understood. In fact, the autophagy process is short-lived, and only exists in about 10-mdash; Within 20 minutes, this makes the related morphological and biochemical research very difficult.

　　Until the early 1990s, nearly 30 years later, many fundamental questions remained to be confirmed: How did autophagy start? How is autophagy formed? How important is autophagy to the survival of cells and organisms? What role does autophagy play in human diseases?

　　Autophagy mechanism found in yeast

　　Yoshinori ohsumi, an associate professor at the University of Tokyo, decided to use baker’s yeast as a model system to study autophagy. After checking that autophagy does exist in yeast cells, he developed a method to identify and identify the key genes involved in these processes. He named the first mutant gene autophagy gene 1(APG1), and then reported a series of genes that are essential for autophagy mechanism in eukaryotic cells, named APG1-APG15. With the identification of new autophagy genes in yeast and other species, ATG, as a gene abbreviation, has been used uniformly in subsequent academic research.

　　In the next few years, yoshinori ohsumi cloned ATG gene, and described the functions of a series of protein products, including proving in the laboratory that autophagy can participate in mediating the metabolic balance between the synthesis, degradation and reuse of cellular materials, and affect the biological life process, especially in response to hunger.

　　Yoshinori ohsumi’s pioneering research aroused scientists’ great interest in autophagy. This field has become one of the hottest fields in biomedical research, and the number of related publications has increased significantly since 2000.

　　Have a wide impact on health and disease.

　　The autophagy of molecules provides a new vision to understand the physiological process of cells, and it has gradually become an important way to understand various physiological and pathological States. The imbalance of autophagy mechanism is directly or indirectly related to human diseases, so it has become a particularly interesting scientific goal to apply autophagy mechanism to therapeutic intervention.

　　The first autophagy related to important diseases comes from the autophagy gene Beclin-1, which is the product of BECN1 gene, which is a homologue of yeast ATG6, and its mutation has caused breast cancer and ovarian cancer to a great extent. This discovery aroused great interest of scientists in autophagy in cancer.

　　Follow-up studies show that some recessive human chromosome diseases are related to impaired autophagy, which leads to brain malformation, developmental retardation, mental retardation, epilepsy, dyskinesia and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, autophagy can eliminate invading microorganisms and is an important mechanism to activate immune response and control infectious diseases.

　　　　　　 CCTV News:According to the news released by New Zealand Prime Minister Aden today (15th), 40 people have been killed and more than 20 others have been seriously injured in the shooting at two mosques in Christchurch. Aden said that the death toll in the two mosques was 30 and 10 respectively.

　　　　　　 Aden also said that New Zealand has raised the national security threat level to the highest level. She also pointed out that the police have arrested four suspects, none of whom are on the police surveillance list.

New Zealand Prime Minister Aden

　　　　　　 After the shooting incident in Christchurch, New Zealand, the police quickly launched a search operation. In an interview on the 15th, the head of the New Zealand police further introduced the relevant situation.

　　　　　　 The two shootings on the 15th took place in two local mosques in Christchurch. After the shooting incident, the police immediately launched a raid and advised people not to go out as much as possible. The head of the New Zealand police said in an interview with the media that four people were arrested and the suspects included three men and one woman. The police found some improvised explosive devices installed on vehicles and disposed of them.

　　　　　　 At present, the police are not sure whether there are more people involved. It is reported that the suspects include a 28-year-old white man born in Australia. In addition, officials have advised all local mosques to close.

　　　　　　 After the attack, New Zealand Prime Minister Aden delivered a national speech, saying that "this is one of the darkest days in New Zealand".

　　　　　　 In addition, it was verified by the Consulate General of China in Christchurch and the local police that there were no reports of China citizens being killed or injured in the shooting incident.

　　　　　　 When the shooting happened, some people immediately called the police after hearing the gunshots, and some people were at the scene, very close to the gunman, to see the eyewitness’s story.

　　　　　　 Witness: "At about 1: 45, I heard a loud gunshot and stopped. Then there was a second gunshot and I started running. At that time, many people were still sitting on the ground, and gunshots came from the door. I ran behind the mosque, hid behind a shelter and called the police. "

　　　　　　 Witness: "The shooting happened at about 1: 42, and the gunman came in and shot. In fact, I didn’t see him, because I was lying under the bench. If I came out, I would definitely be hit. "

　　　　　　 Witnesses: "About 3 to 4 minutes after the activity started, we heard gunshots coming from the entrance, and then everyone ran to the back door to save themselves. At that time, the gunman had been firing and one of us was shot in the arm. "

The traffic flow of the airport is increasing, at the same time, with the continuous expansion and complexity of the airport, the taxi route has become more complicated. In any busy airport, aircraft or ground vehicles may use or shuttle on the runway at all times, and most of them are in safe operation. However, under accidental circumstances, many factors increase the risk of errors. Any mistake may lead to runway invasion.

This manual is compiled according to the FAA Safety Guide for Pilots’ Ground Operation and the relevant requirements of the ICAO Runway Intrusion Prevention Manual. It can be used as a reference for pilots as well as controllers and ground vehicle drivers. This manual does not cover all the contents of ground safety, but mainly focuses on the following five important aspects in ground operation:

Ground operation plan

Taxi program

Aircraft lighting

communication

Airport signs, signs and lights

The above five parts all include measures to avoid errors and prevent runway invasion.

Runway intrusion is a serious safety problem. Runway collision events caused by runway invasion usually occur between aircraft and aircraft, aircraft and ground vehicles. The result is often a catastrophic accident with heavy casualties.

1 Ground taxi plan

Making a comprehensive plan is very important for safe taxiing. When making the airport ground taxi plan, we should pay as much attention as preparing for other flight stages.

Predict the taxi route. Plan according to automatic terminal information service (ATIS), aviation information (NOTAMS), airport map and the latest operation experience of the airport.

When leaving, make a plan before taxiing; When entering the site, make a plan before landing.

Spend some time studying the plan of the airport before leaving and entering Hong Kong.

Take the airport map with you at all times. This can be used at any time, whether in the planning stage or during the taxiing process.

Check the predicted taxi route against the airport map or taxi route map. Pay special attention to complex intersections (for example, there are more than two intersections on the taxiway).

Make it clear when you should pay attention to "looking up" observation during taxiing (for example, when turning at a complex intersection and crossing a runway).

After receiving the taxiing instructions from the controller, verify the designated route.

2 taxi procedure

According to the perfect operation procedure, the safety level of ground operation can be improved.

This part mainly introduces some general contents that should be included in the taxi program.

Air traffic control (ATC) instruction

When receiving the taxi instruction, you should:

Record taxi instructions, especially complicated instructions. This can prevent forgetting the instruction.

Monitor ATC instructions/permits issued to other aircraft.

Be especially vigilant when another aircraft has a similar call sign.

Listen carefully to prevent the execution of instructions/permits issued to other aircraft.

If you have any questions about ATC instructions/permits, you should ask them immediately.

Repeat all received instructions/permits with the call sign of your own aircraft.

If it is possible to delay or fail to execute ATC instructions, ATC must be informed immediately.

Situation awareness

When taxiing at the airport, you need to know your position at the airport and the relationship between your position and the taxiing route and other aircraft and vehicles at the airport. This is often called "situational awareness". You can keep situational awareness in the following ways:

Understand and implement ATC instructions and permits;

Use the airport map;

Understand the meaning of airport visual AIDS, such as airport signs, signs and lights;

Monitor radio calls and use airport maps to help locate other aircraft and vehicles at the airport;

Avoid distractions;

Use aircraft lights to indicate position and intention;

When the aircraft taxies, the "bow down" activity is reduced to a minimum.

During the taxiing process

Be especially careful when taxiing on the runway, especially at night and in low visibility.

Use all means to taxi the aircraft along the designated taxi route, including:

▲ Airport map;

▲ Airport signs, signs and lights;

▲ Heading instrument.

When approaching the entry point of using the runway, it is determined whether to execute the instruction of waiting outside the runway or the instruction of entering (or crossing) the runway.

Even after receiving permission, scan the whole runway and approach area before entering or crossing the runway.

After landing

When leaving the taxiway and crossing other runways after landing, you should concentrate as much as possible.

Don’t slide onto other runways after leaving the landing runway without ATC permission.

Don’t accept the command of the tower to temporarily change the taxiing direction unless you clearly understand and are sure to carry out the command.

Don’t make unnecessary calls or operations after landing and before leaving the runway completely.

Enter the runway and wait

When the take-off permit cannot be issued immediately due to traffic flow or other reasons, ATC uses the "wait on the runway" command.

Be careful when you receive the instruction to "wait on the runway", especially at night or in low visibility. Before entering the runway, remember:

Scan the whole runway;

Observe carefully whether there is any aircraft for final approach or landing taxi.

When ATC instructs you to "wait on the runway", it should inform you of the reasons for delaying the take-off, for example, there are departing aircraft, wakes or conflicts on the crossing runway.

If the take-off is delayed due to the landing of the preceding aircraft not leaving the runway, ATC shall:

▲ Inform you of the traffic conditions on the runway at that time, including permission to land, continuous take-off, full stop and take-off or unrestricted low-altitude approach;

▲ Notify the next landing aircraft of your waiting on the landing runway.

If the reason you have been told or seen for the delay in taking off does not exist, you should receive the permission to take off immediately.

If you don’t receive the permission to take off within a reasonable time after receiving the instruction of "waiting on the runway", you should contact ATC immediately.

When ATC issues a permission to "wait on the runway" in the contact lane and use part of the runway to take off, it will use the contact lane number.

If both the whole runway and part of the runway are used to take off at the same time, the phrase "full-length" will be included in the permit.

3 Aircraft lighting

No matter in the daytime or at night, the external lighting of the aircraft can make the aircraft more eye-catching, and the external lighting can also indicate your position and intention to other pilots.

Rules for the use of aircraft exterior lighting;

When starting the engine-turn on the rotating beacon light.

When taxiing-before taxiing, turn on navigation lights/position lights and strongpoint * (strobe lights should not be turned on if they will adversely affect the vision of other pilots or ground personnel. ), slide lights and identification lights.

When crossing the runway-when crossing the runway, all external lights of the aircraft should be turned on. In the process of crossing the runway, it should be considered that turning on the forward light of the aircraft will have an adverse impact on the sight of other pilots or ground personnel.

When waiting on the runway-turn on all external lights of the aircraft * (except landing lights) (strobe lights should not be turned on if they will adversely affect the sight of other pilots or ground personnel). ) to make it easier for the last approaching aircraft and ATC to see you.

When taking off-when receiving the permission to take off, turn on the landing light.

Standard aircraft lighting

4 communication

Effective communication between pilots and controllers is very important for the safety of ground operation. You can improve the controller’s understanding of you by responding appropriately and using standard telephone language. Guidelines for making communication clear and accurate are as follows:

When contacting ATC, use the correct communication procedure. When making initial contact, the call shall include the following contents:

▲ the other party’s call sign;

▲ own call sign;

▲ your position;

▲ You can briefly explain your intentions.

Whether you have reported your position to other controllers or not, you should explain your position when you make initial contact with tower or ground controllers.

At all times, use standard telephone language to make the communication between pilots/controllers clear and concise.

Pay close attention to the contents of the instructions issued by ATC. When contacting ATC, don’t do any unimportant tasks.

Instructions for entering the runway, waiting outside the runway or "waiting in the runway" may need to be repeated, including the runway number.

When preparing for takeoff and final approach on the runway, actively monitor other relevant frequencies of the tower and check the potential conflicts related to the runway you are using.

Repeat all take-off and landing permits, including runway numbers.

If you are not familiar with the taxiing route of the airport, you should apply for progressive taxiing instructions.

When instructed to listen to a certain frequency, just listen and don’t contact, and the controller will contact you.

To clarify any misunderstanding or confusion about ATC instructions or permits.

Telephone vocabulary list

Acknowledge-let me know that you have received my message.

Advise intentions-tell me your intentions.

AFFIRMATIVE——Yes。

Final-usually used when the aircraft is in the final approach channel or on the landing runway.

HOLDFOR (take-off permission, release, aircraft landing/taxiing, etc.)-Wait in place.

HOWDOYOUHEARME? -question, about the quality of the speech or to determine whether the speech is well received.

Immediately-ATC or pilots use this word when it is necessary to avoid an emergency.

NEGATIVE——"No ",or" not allowed ",or" incorrect ".

Read back-repeat the instructions to me.

Roger-I’ve received all your last words. You can’t use this word to mean "yes" or "no" (see Affirmative, Negative)

Standby-means that the controller or pilot must pause for a few seconds, usually to carry out other higher priority tasks. At the same time, it also means waiting, such as "standbyforclearance". If the delay interval is too long, the speaker should re-establish contact. "Standby" is not approval or rejection.

Unable-unable to comply with the definite instruction, request or permission.

Verify-requires confirmation of information (for example, "verify assignedaltitude").

Without delay-with the meaning of urgency, execute the approved instructions as soon as possible.

Wilco-I have received your message, understood it, and will follow it.

5 airport signs, signs and lights

Airport signs, signs and lights are used to help you move around the airport and land and take off.

Airport signs-differences and their meanings

When understanding airport signs, remember the following principles.

colour

The runway sign is white (the center line sign of taxiway guiding aircraft to enter, exit or cross the runway is yellow).

The taxiway sign is yellow.

Signs in the apron area may have other colors besides yellow (for example, white signs are usually used for vehicle passages).

Vehicle access in the apron area. The edge of the channel is highlighted with black and white interlaced signs. In many airports, the vehicle lanes are marked with solid white lines. Aircraft can glide through these passages, but not along them.

Style of taxiway sign

If the logo style includes more than 2 lines-some are solid lines and some are dotted lines.

Allow crossing from the dotted line side to the solid line side.

Only after the approval of ATC can we cross from the solid line side to the dotted line side.

When receiving the "HoldShort" command, be sure to stop taxiing before waiting for the first solid line of the position sign.

Do not cross the yellow double solid line at the edge of taxiway. But it is allowed to cross the yellow double dotted line.

Airport Signboard —— A signpost for safe taxiing.

It is very important to understand the meaning of color and tag.

Location tag: indicates the location of your taxiway or runway. The signboard is yellow on a black background.

Remember: black square, your position.

Mandatory instruction sign: indicates the entrance of runway or critical area, and the area where aircraft are forbidden to use. The signboard is written in white on a red background.

Direction sign: guide the aircraft to slide to the taxiway indicated by the sign at the intersection, and the arrow indicates the general direction of the aircraft turning. These signs are located before the intersection, usually on the left. The signboard is written in black on a yellow background.

Destination tag: use arrows to indicate the direction of determining the destination at the airport (for example, runway, terminal and apron). The signboard is also written in black on a yellow background.

Remember: the yellow marker used in combination indicates the direction.

Examples of airport signs:

Combination of tag cards:

A set of directional signs. The direction of the sign arrangement is from left to right, and it is arranged clockwise. The left turn sign is on the left side of the position sign, and the right turn sign is on the right side of the position sign.

Waiting position tag:

This sign is located next to the yellow waiting sign on the taxiway crossing the runway. The sign below indicates that the entrance of runway 08 is on your left and the entrance of runway 26 is on your right.

Airport lighting

Airports will use different lighting combinations, especially when aircraft are operating in low visibility conditions. When taxiing under visual meteorological conditions (VMC), keep in mind the following items:

Runway side lights are white (but in the last 2000 feet of the instrument runway, their side lights are yellow).

The lights or reflectors along the taxiway are blue.

Line lights or reflectors in taxiways are green.

Runway warning lights are flashing yellow lights (whether on the pavement or beside the taxiway), which especially indicate the waiting position of the runway.

Waiting position of runway 20R-2L located on taxiway b. A runway warning light above the ground is installed between the waiting sign and the pavement sign.

This is the runway waiting position as seen from the taxiway centerline. The waiting position is equipped with runway warning lights above the ground and embedded in the pavement.

This article is transferred from WeChat WeChat official account: Aviation Garden

CCTV News:This morning (May 18th), China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association released the White Paper on the Development of Satellite Navigation and Location Service Industry in China in 2021. According to the white paper, the total output value of China’s satellite navigation and location service industry will reach 403.3 billion yuan in 2020, an increase of about 16.9% compared with 2019.

In 2020, the opening of Beidou-3 global system and the implementation of the national "new infrastructure" development strategy further stimulated and stimulated the demand and investment of Beidou satellite navigation technology application in various industries, and the domestic satellite navigation and location service industry gained significant development opportunities, and the industrial growth rate returned to the fast lane.

Yu Xiancheng, President of China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association:In 2020, China’s Beidou-3 system was fully completed and provided global services, which indicates that China’s Beidou industry has entered a golden period of development, especially the wide application of Beidou+and Beidou+in various fields. (This year) It has maintained a double-digit growth for 10 consecutive years, which also indicates that the industrial development is full of stamina.

The white paper shows that the core output value of chips, devices, software, navigation data, terminal equipment and infrastructure directly related to the development and application of satellite navigation technology has reached 129.5 billion yuan. As a strategic resource and an important guarantee for national security and an indispensable basic information resource for economic construction, Beidou will fully serve the major strategies of national defense, diplomacy and economic and social development in the future.

Yu Xiancheng, President of China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association:The "14th Five-Year Plan" clearly stated that it is necessary to promote the large-scale application and industrial development of Beidou. Therefore, in the next step, we should actively advocate the priority of Beidou and continue to promote the deep application of Beidou in all walks of life, especially to vigorously promote the technological autonomy, system localization, application scale, service industrialization and market globalization of Beidou, so as to promote the healthy and rapid development of Beidou industry.

In addition, with the completion of Beidou global system and the rapid development of industry, the annual number of satellite navigation patent applications in China continues to increase. By 2020, the total number of satellite navigation patent applications in China has exceeded 85,000, ranking first in the world. It is expected that satellite navigation technology patent applications will continue to maintain a rapid growth trend.

According to the white paper, the Beidou system has fully served the transportation, public safety, disaster relief and disaster reduction industries, and has been integrated into the national core infrastructure such as electricity, finance and communications, reflecting the trend of Beidou’s wide application and full cross-border integration in various fields.

According to the latest data, by the end of 2020, the Beidou system has been applied to over 7 million road vehicles, over 30,000 postal express trunk vehicles and 1,400 official ships in China, and the comprehensive traffic management efficiency and transportation safety level have been comprehensively improved, and the number of serious accidents has dropped by 93%; The comprehensive application demonstration project of Beidou railway industry was officially launched, and nearly 8,000 Beidou terminals of various models were promoted. In addition, "forest protection+Beidou" and "public security patrol+Beidou" have also been widely deployed.

Liu Dake, Executive Vice President of China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association:In fact, all fields are actively entering the Beidou industry, such as communication, water conservancy, electric power and transportation, and special Beidou industrial institutions or Beidou enterprises have been set up one after another, making the scale of industrial development bigger and bigger, especially they are actively exploring Beidou as a technology to empower various industries, making the application scenarios wider and wider.

According to the white paper, Beijing, Shanghai, Hebei and other provinces and cities have successively introduced policies to develop new infrastructure, carried out "Beidou +5G" application demonstration, promoted the in-depth application of Beidou technology, and created an ecosystem of Beidou industrial integration application.

Not only in China, Beidou system has been applied in many countries and regions around the world, providing services for users above 100 million. Beidou-based land confirmation, precision agriculture, digital construction, vehicle and ship supervision and smart port solutions have been successfully applied in ASEAN, South Asia, Eastern Europe, West Asia, Africa and other regions.

Liu Dake, Executive Vice President of China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association:At present, the operation of Beidou system is stable and good, and the performance of each function meets the requirements of the index, which provides strong support for the development of all walks of life and greatly improves the production efficiency and quality. The circle of friends who use Beidou is also getting bigger and wider.

In addition, Beidou has also widely entered the fields of e-commerce, mass consumption, sharing economy and people’s livelihood, profoundly changing people’s production and lifestyle.

According to the white paper, in 2020, the total sales volume of domestic satellite navigation and positioning terminal products exceeded 436 million units, among which the shipments of smart phones with satellite navigation and positioning functions reached 296 million units. At present, mainstream chip manufacturers at home and abroad have launched integrated integrated chips compatible with Beidou, and smart phones have become one of the most important application fields of satellite navigation systems. The terminal sales in the automobile navigation aftermarket reached 2.81 million units, and the terminal sales in the automobile navigation front market reached 4.37 million units.

Zhang Quande, Secretary General of China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Association:The main application scenarios include intelligent networked cars, agricultural machinery, surveying and mapping instruments, robots and Internet of Things terminals, which can be said to be high-level and high-precision applications. The products of international mainstream chip manufacturers, including smart phone device suppliers, widely support Beidou, and most of the mobile phones of major domestic brands support Beidou function.

With the rapid development of mobile location services and smart city construction, Beidou’s application in the public domain, represented by high-precision drones, has also made a comprehensive breakthrough. During the fight against the epidemic in 2020, the UAV mapping scheme based on Beidou high-precision technology realizes real-time data collection, transmission, analysis, push and scheduling, which greatly shortens the time of preliminary survey and measurement for medical infrastructure construction in Hubei, Shaanxi and other places, and significantly improves the construction efficiency.

The reporter also learned that after years of development, the industrial structure of China’s satellite navigation and location services has matured, and the internal circulation ecology of independent and controllable and benign development of the industrial chain has basically taken shape. In particular, Beidou system is deeply integrated with new technologies such as new generation communication, blockchain, Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, and a complete industrial chain integrating chips, modules, boards, terminals and operational services is built.

　　Recently, "Fire Dragon Duel" released the latest stills and figures, and the explosion scene in the stills was thrilling. In the play, Dawn once again performed in a sloppy image, and her face was ferocious. The pain of losing her wife filled her heart with hatred, and some clues were found from a murder case. Richie Jen, on the other hand, is gentle in appearance, efficient in handling cases and has a strong desire in his heart. He broke out at any time and his subordinates died unexpectedly, bringing out his secret. Liao Qizhi lives for his daughter, an old policeman, and hides important clues. No one knows whether he is evil or not. Mainland Wang Baoqiang came to Hong Kong to make a living, and his pregnant wife was caught and used by gangsters. At this moment, he can’t help holding a gun. Michelle Ye, as a policewoman, is a subordinate of Dawn and has a secret crush on Dawn. Bidai Syulan, as Richie Jen’s girlfriend, has a special status, which is also the most important reason why Qi made the final decision. Yue Xiaojun plays the robber. Although he is a robber, he is full of joy. Tan Kai also plays the role of a robber, but heartless and ruthless.

　　"Fire Dragon Fight" tells the story of a bizarre prostitute’s murder case, which has aroused doubts. The murder weapon is a chain saw specially used by the US military. Wen Fang (Dawn), the inspector of the major crimes unit, suspects that another arms case is brewing. Sir Ji (Richie Jen) of the narcotics squad intervened to join the investigation. The Chinese side was eager to solve the case and tried to find out the real murderer and break its plan before more serious incidents occurred. However, Identification Bureau got clues from the deceased, but pointed to a confidant in the Chinese army. The source cooperated with Ji sir at nothing, and the personal problems of the two agents gradually emerged. The source began to suspect that someone was corrupt and colluded with gangs to do evil. However, since his wife died, he has been depressed, his emotions are getting out of control, and he is in a mystery. However, the enemy and I are inseparable, and he has fallen into close encounter of mahjong, and the crisis is approaching.

　　Director Lin Chaoxian’s previous work Witness won the Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor in the Hong Kong Film Awards, while Fire Dragon attracted Dawn and Richie Jen, the former rarely makes gun battles now, and the latter is now Du Qifeng’s favorite. The new work Accident was selected as the main competition unit of this Venice Film Festival. In "Fire Dragon Fight", they will all subvert their past roles. According to Richie Jen, they hope to surprise the audience with contrast.

　　Lin Chaoxian’s representative works include The Beast Criminal Police, River’s Lake Emergency, Heavy Police, Witness and so on, which won him the Golden Award for Best Director. His works can often explore human nature and examine good and evil beyond highly skilled gun battles. "Fire Dragon Duel" is a film with a suspenseful layout and an unpredictable human nature. "Fire Dragon" is a kind of folk custom with Hong Kong characteristics: more than 100 years ago, there was a plague in a big pit in Hong Kong. Later, people tied up the pearl grass, filled it with incense, and danced like a fire dragon. Since then, the plague has been miraculously eliminated. Lin Chaoxian said that this film focuses on the plague in people’s hearts.　

More wonderful stills on the next page!

　　CCTV News:According to "Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security" WeChat WeChat official account news, in order to effectively enhance the traffic safety awareness of express logistics drivers and promote the safety management level of express logistics transportation, the Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security announced four typical road traffic accidents involving express logistics vehicles this year.

　　◆ On January 31st, a SF Express heavy van collided with a minibus parked in front of the same lane on the Hunwu Expressway, killing one person and injuring two others. After investigation, the cause of the accident was that the driver of the heavy van neglected to observe and handled it improperly.

　　◆ On February 13th, a heavy-duty semi-trailer tractor of Yunda Express entered the opposite lane after colliding with the central isolation guardrail on the G93 Chengdu-Chongqing Ring Expressway, and collided with a minibus driving in the opposite direction, resulting in 6 deaths and 1 injury. After investigation, the cause of the accident was the driver’s fatigue driving, speeding, improper handling and the technical condition of the vehicle not meeting the safety standards.

　　◆ On September 19th, a light van of postal express collided with an electric tricycle passing along a crosswalk at an intersection in Fuyang City, Anhui Province, killing three people. After investigation, the cause of the accident was that when the light van passed the intersection, the driver neglected to observe and slowed down when it met the crosswalk.

　　◆ On October 30th, a light truck rear-ended and collided with a heavy-duty semi-trailer tractor transported by cold chain in front of Xu-Guang Expressway, killing five people. After preliminary investigation, the heavy-duty semi-trailer tractor in the accident was suspected of illegal modification and ultra-low speed driving.

　　Tips from the Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security — —

　　Express logistics enterpriseIt is necessary to earnestly fulfill the main responsibility of traffic safety, eliminate potential safety risks at the source in a timely manner, scientifically and reasonably arrange the time limit for transportation and distribution, strengthen dynamic supervision of their vehicles, and remind and urge drivers to strictly abide by the law and drive safely.

　　Driver of express logistics industryCheck the vehicle in advance before driving to eliminate potential safety hazards in time; Scientifically plan the itinerary and route, ensure the rest time and prevent fatigue driving; Strictly abide by traffic safety laws and regulations when driving, and don’t overspeed, overload, drive too fast, or drive in the prescribed lane; Control the speed and drive carefully and safely when passing through the curved slope section, the water-facing cliff section and the night time; When crossing the intersection, you should strictly observe the traffic signals, pay attention to observing, slowing down and avoiding pedestrians, especially when turning right, you should be alert to the blind area of vision and ensure safety before passing.

In recent years, the development of new energy vehicles is fierce, and it is not difficult to find that they are developing in the direction of high intelligence. He Xiaopeng, the founder of Xpeng Motors, even said: I believe that in 2025, the word "assist" in automatic assisted driving will be removed, and the era of real automatic driving will be entered. Are we really going to usher in the era of fully automatic driving? To answer this question, we might as well take two brands, Tesla Model 3 and Tucki P5, as examples.

Tesla: FSD

Tesla’s intelligent assisted driving ability is leading in the industry, and its pure visual route is also the object that many car companies follow.

In North America, FSD will release the version of FSD Beta V11 in August. It can also be seen from the evaluation of Big V that the effect is quite good. The new version is more mature and sophisticated, and it can flexibly avoid at intersections without signal lights, and can also continuously change lanes and overtake. Unfortunately, there is no plan to introduce FSD into China at present. Why? Quite simply, the road conditions in China are far more complicated than those in North America, and there are many people and cars. Therefore, Tesla FSD, which works in North America, which is sparsely populated, may not work in China.

Moreover, although the cost of pure vision scheme is low, it is a camera after all, and it is impossible to switch the focal length and depth of field at any time like the human eye, so it is difficult to ensure that the details in the field of vision are clear. Even the human eye will misjudge the driving route and distance in complex road conditions, light or environment. Therefore, the pure vision scheme relying on the camera has environmental limitations.

Xpeng Motors: city NGP

Xpeng Motors has been focusing on technology research and development in recent years, and has achieved good results.

For example, high-speed NGP, cross-floor memory parking, and just after OTA upgrade, the updated enhanced ACC-L/LCC-L (only applicable to Xiaopeng P5), which can assist driving in difficult urban road conditions such as unmarked road sections and large curvature curves, etc.

Different from Tesla, Xpeng Motors adopts the multi-sensor fusion route. Besides 12 ultrasonic sensors, 5 millimeter-wave radars, 13 high-sensor cameras and a group of high-precision positioning units, there are also two laser radars, which greatly improves the sensing accuracy and distance of Tucki P5 and avoids environmental interference as much as possible. Therefore, compared with the pure visual route, multi-sensor fusion will be more stable and accurate.

It is reported that the city NGP function of Tucki P5 will be launched soon, which is also the first city navigation assisted driving function in China. So, what about the city NGP? What is the solution in the face of complex domestic road conditions? These can be seen from the city NGP test video released by Xpeng Motors not long ago.

In the video, Tucki P5 traveled a total of 26 kilometers in the urban area of Guangzhou, crossing the three central urban areas of Guangzhou. During this period, it showed a very high level of coping with complicated situations such as traffic lights, left-right turns, tunnels, bends, U-turns, roundabout, bridges, switching between main and auxiliary roads, confluence, misaligned lane openings, and road conditions in the construction area.

Whether He Xiaopeng’s predicted entry into the era of full-scale autonomous driving in 2025 can really be realized is unknown. However, judging from the current level and development trend of intelligent assisted driving in Xpeng Motors, I believe that Tucki will bring us more surprises, and we can still expect a wave.